{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T12:10:17Z","timestamp":1789215017030,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Statutory Funds of the Medical University of Lublin","award":["DS 22\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS 22\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Statutory Funds of the Medical University of Lublin","award":["16.16.160.557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16.16.160.557"]}]},{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Education","award":["DS 22\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS 22\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Education","award":["16.16.160.557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16.16.160.557"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Repeated maternal separation (MS) is a useful experimental model in rodents for studying the long-term influence of early-life stress on brain neurophysiology. In our work, we assessed the effect of repeated MS (postnatal day (PND)1\u201321, 180 min\/day) on the postnatal development of rat brain regions involved in memory using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HMRS) for tissue volume and the level of amino acids such as glutamate, aspartate, glutamine, glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the hippocampus. We assessed whether these effects are sex dependent. We also use novel object recognition (NOR) task to examine the effect of MS on memory and the effect of ethanol on it. Finally, we attempted to ameliorate postnatal stress-induced memory deficits by using VU-29, a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the metabotropic glutamate type 5 (mGlu5) receptor. In males, we noted deficits in the levels of glutamate, glycine and glutamine and increases in GABA in the hippocampus. In addition, the values of perirhinal cortex, prefrontal cortex and insular cortex and CA3 were decreased in these animals. MS females, in contrast, demonstrated significant increase in glutamate levels and decrease in GABA levels in the hippocampus. Here, the CA1 values alone were increased. VU-29 administration ameliorated these cognitive deficits. Thus, MS stress disturbs amino acids levels mainly in the hippocampus of adult male rats, and enhancement of glutamate neurotransmission reversed recognition memory deficits in these animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13101449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T08:55:01Z","timestamp":1695718501000},"page":"1449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Neonatal Maternal Separation Induces Sexual Dimorphism in Brain Development: The Influence on Amino Acid Levels and Cognitive Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4178-1515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta H.","family":"Kotlinska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawel","family":"Grochecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8425-7713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Michalak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Medical University, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2781-1244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Pankowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiography, Medical University, Staszica 16, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kochalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiography, Medical University, Staszica 16, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4511-1241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Suder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Ner-Kluza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2373-9479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Matosiuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modelling Lab, Medical University, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2487-9131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Marszalek-Grabska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University, Jaczewskiego 8B, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.09.039","article-title":"Long-term effects of early environment on the brain: Lesson from rodent models","volume":"77","author":"Andolina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. 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