{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T09:02:52Z","timestamp":1784797372126,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,8]],"date-time":"2023-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82072166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82072166"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20201194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20201194"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20YFZCSY00030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20YFZCSY00030"]}]},{"name":"Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Bureau","award":["82072166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82072166"]}]},{"name":"Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Bureau","award":["20201194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20201194"]}]},{"name":"Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Bureau","award":["20YFZCSY00030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20YFZCSY00030"]}]},{"name":"Tianjin Science and Technology Program","award":["82072166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82072166"]}]},{"name":"Tianjin Science and Technology Program","award":["20201194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20201194"]}]},{"name":"Tianjin Science and Technology Program","award":["20YFZCSY00030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20YFZCSY00030"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interleukin 33 (IL-33) belongs to the IL-1 family and is localized in the nucleus. IL-33 is primarily composed of three distinct domains, namely the N-terminal domain responsible for nuclear localization, the intermediate sense protease domain, and the C-terminal cytokine domain. Its specific receptor is the suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2), which is detected in serum-stimulated fibroblasts and oncogenes. While most other cytokines are actively produced in cells, IL-33 is passively produced in response to tissue damage or cell necrosis, thereby suggesting its role as an alarm following cell infection, stress, or trauma. IL-33 plays a crucial role in congenital and acquired immunity, which assists in the response to environmental stress and maintains tissue homeostasis. IL-33\/ST2 interaction further produces many pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, IL-33 is crucial for central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis and the pathogenic mechanisms underlying CNS degenerative disorders. The present work summarizes the structure of IL-33, its fundamental activities, and its role in immunoregulation and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, this work proposes that IL-33 may play a role in the pathogenic mechanism of diseases and can be used in the development of treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13101494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T04:56:43Z","timestamp":1696827403000},"page":"1494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["IL-33\/ST2 Axis: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Neurodegenerative Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zexi","family":"Jia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2556-4860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengtian","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xintong","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanglian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Geriatrics Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808012","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.808012","article-title":"The Immunological Impact of IL-1 Family Cytokines on the Epidermal Barrier","volume":"12","author":"Macleod","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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