{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:29:22Z","timestamp":1792787362878,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["RI #312979\/2018\u20135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RI #312979\/2018\u20135"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["AV #302935\/2021\u20135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AV #302935\/2021\u20135"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["MQ #304835\/2022\u20136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MQ #304835\/2022\u20136"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Some genetic variations in cytokine genes can alter their expression and influence the evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. This study aimed to investigate the association of polymorphisms in cytokine genes and variability in plasma levels of cytokines with the development of tuberculosis (TB) and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Blood samples from 245 patients with TB, 80 with LTBI, and healthy controls (n = 100) were included. Genotyping of the IFNG +874A\/T, IL6 -174G\/C, IL4 -590C\/T, and IL10 -1082A\/G polymorphisms was performed by real-time PCR, and cytokine levels were determined by flow cytometry. Higher frequencies of genotypes AA (IFNG +874A\/T), GG (IL6 -174G\/C), TT (IL4 -590C\/T), and GG (IL10 -1082A\/G) were associated with an increased risk of TB compared to that of LTBI (p = 0.0027; p = 0.0557; p = 0.0286; p = 0.0361, respectively) and the control (p = &lt;0.0001, p = 0.0021; p = 0.01655; p = 0.0132, respectively). In combination, the A allele for IFNG +874A\/T and the T allele for IL4 -590C\/T were associated with a higher chance of TB (p = 0.0080; OR = 2.753 and p &lt; 0.0001; OR = 3.273, respectively). The TB group had lower levels of IFN-\u03b3 and higher concentrations of IL-6, IL-4, and IL-10. Cytokine levels were different between the genotypes based on the polymorphisms investigated (p &lt; 0.05). The genotype and wild-type allele for IFNG +874A\/T and the genotype and polymorphic allele for IL4 -590C\/T appear to be more relevant in the context of Mtb infection, which has been associated with the development of TB among individuals infected by the bacillus and with susceptibility to active infection but not with susceptibility to latent infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13101541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T09:55:06Z","timestamp":1697622906000},"page":"1541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Association of Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms and Their Impact on Active and Latent Tuberculosis in Brazil\u2019s Amazon Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7079-4844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ednelza","family":"da Silva Gra\u00e7a Amoras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thais Gouvea","family":"de Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafaella","family":"do Nascimento Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7803-2860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samara Tatielle Monteiro","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8993-5387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca Dayse Martins","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7959-1178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iury","family":"de Paula Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Ishak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1135-6507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Carlos Ros\u00e1rio","family":"Vallinoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2014-2770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Alice Freitas","family":"Queiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m 66075-110, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900655","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00655-2019","article-title":"The global prevalence of latent tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Cohen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. 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