{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T12:55:05Z","timestamp":1780145705570,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has significantly impacted the health and socioeconomic status of humans worldwide. Pulmonary infection of SARS-CoV-2 results in exorbitant viral replication and associated onset of inflammatory cytokine storm and disease pathology in various internal organs. However, the etiopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is not fully understood. Currently, there are no targeted therapies available to cure COVID-19, and most patients are treated empirically with anti-inflammatory and\/or anti-viral drugs, based on the disease symptoms. Although several types of vaccines are currently implemented to control COVID-19 and prevent viral dissemination, the emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 that can evade the vaccine-induced protective immunity poses challenges to current vaccination strategies and highlights the necessity to develop better and improved vaccines. In this review, we summarize the etiopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and elaborately discuss various types of vaccines and vaccination strategies, focusing on those vaccines that are currently in use worldwide to combat COVID-19 or in various stages of clinical development to use in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13111565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T06:28:25Z","timestamp":1698128905000},"page":"1565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 Etiopathogenesis and Recent Developments in COVID-19 Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8536-6818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dona Susan","family":"Mathew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Science and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 608204, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7810-7471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tirtha","family":"Pandya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8823-9115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Het","family":"Pandya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8073-391X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuzen","family":"Vaghela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2021-8632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selvakumar","family":"Subbian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108427","article-title":"COVID-19 pathophysiology: A review","volume":"215","author":"Yuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. 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