{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T15:21:38Z","timestamp":1784733698783,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011684","name":"Crohn\u2019s &amp; Colitis Foundation Senior Research Award","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["903433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["903433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011684","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic relapsing inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The prevalence of IBD is increasing with approximately 4.9 million cases reported worldwide. Current therapies are limited due to the severity of side effects and long-term toxicity, therefore, the development of novel IBD treatments is necessitated. Recent findings support apurinic\/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1\/reduction-oxidation factor 1 (APE1\/Ref-1) as a target in many pathological conditions, including inflammatory diseases, where APE1\/Ref-1 regulation of crucial transcription factors impacts significant pathways. Thus, a potential target for a novel IBD therapy is the redox activity of the multifunctional protein APE1\/Ref-1. This review elaborates on the status of conventional IBD treatments, the role of an APE1\/Ref-1 in intestinal inflammation, and the potential of a small molecule inhibitor of APE1\/Ref-1 redox activity to modulate inflammation, oxidative stress response, and enteric neuronal damage in IBD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13111569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T06:28:25Z","timestamp":1698128905000},"page":"1569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["APE1\/Ref-1 as a Therapeutic Target for Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lauren","family":"Sahakian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainsley M.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Sahakian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5099-3704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rhian","family":"Stavely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9472-1826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark R.","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2597-6929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kulmira","family":"Nurgali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60751-X","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease: Clinical aspects and established and evolving therapies","volume":"369","author":"Baumgart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4161\/self.1.4.13560","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"1","author":"Matricon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Self Nonself"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32126-2","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis","volume":"389","author":"Ungaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31711-1","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"389","author":"Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30587","article-title":"The fundamental basis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"117","author":"Strober","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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