{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:39:46Z","timestamp":1760150386593,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dental caries is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases globally in both children and adults. This study investigated the potential of industrial sweet orange waste extracts (ISOWE) as a substitute for chlorhexidine (CHX) in managing dental caries. First, the cytotoxicity of ISOWE (40, 80, 120 mg\/mL) and CHX (0.1 and 0.2%) on buccal epithelial cells was determined. ISOWE exhibited no overall toxicity, whereas CHX strongly affected cell viability. The combination of ISOWE and CHX significantly enhanced cell proliferation compared to CHX alone. Next, the antimicrobial efficacy of ISOWE, CHX, and their combination was assessed against a 7-day complex biofilm model inoculated with oral samples from human volunteers. CHX exhibited indiscriminate antimicrobial action, affecting both pathogenic and health-associated oral microorganisms. ISOWE demonstrated lower antimicrobial efficacy than CHX but showed enhanced efficacy against pathogenic species while preserving the oral microbiome\u2019s balance. When applied to a cariogenic biofilm, the combined treatment of ISOWE with 0.1% CHX showed similar efficacy to 0.2% CHX treatment alone. Overall, the findings suggest that ISOWE is a promising natural anti-cariogenic agent with lower toxicity and enhanced selectivity for pathogenic species compared to CHX.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13111607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T09:16:21Z","timestamp":1698916581000},"page":"1607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sweet Orange Juice Processing By-Product Extracts: A Caries Management Alternative to Chlorhexidine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1548-9801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suvro","family":"Saha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"},{"name":"School of Dentistry, Division of Oral Biology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6705-5709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine","family":"Boesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Maycock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Division of Oral Biology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5668-2181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thuy","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Division of Oral Biology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, H., and Peddada, S.D. 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