{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T23:05:07Z","timestamp":1771369507704,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]],"date-time":"2023-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Science &amp; Technology, Science and Engineering Research Board (DST-SERB)","award":["EMR\/2017\/003490"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMR\/2017\/003490"]}]},{"name":"Department of Science &amp; Technology, Science and Engineering Research Board (DST-SERB)","award":["RSPD2023R709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R709"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["EMR\/2017\/003490"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMR\/2017\/003490"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","award":["RSPD2023R709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2023R709"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a hyperkinetic movement disorder that displays unusual involuntary movement along with orofacial dysfunction. It is predominantly associated with the long-term use of antipsychotic medications, particularly typical or first-generation antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis are major pathophysiological mechanisms of TD. The BCG vaccine has been reported to suppress inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis and exert neuroprotection via several mechanisms. Our study aimed to confirm the neuroprotective effect of the BCG vaccine against haloperidol-induced TD-like symptoms in rats. The rats were given haloperidol (1 mg\/kg, i.p.) for 21 days after 1 h single administration of the BCG vaccine (2 \u00d7 107 cfu). Various behavioral parameters for orofacial dyskinesia and locomotor activity were assessed on the 14th and 21st days after haloperidol injection. On the 22nd day, all rats were euthanized, and the striatum was isolated to estimate the biochemical, apoptotic, inflammatory, and neurotransmitter levels. The administration of the BCG vaccine reversed orofacial dyskinesia and improved motor function in regard to haloperidol-induced TD-like symptoms in rats. The BCG vaccine also enhanced the levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH) and reduced prooxidants (MDA, nitrite) and pro-apoptotic markers (Cas-3, Cas-6, Cas-9) in rat brains. Besides this, BCG treatment also restored the neurotransmitter (DA, NE, 5-HT) levels and decreased the levels of HVA in the striatum. The study findings suggest that the BCG vaccine has antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and neuromodulatory properties that could be relevant in the management of TD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13111667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:30:50Z","timestamp":1700440250000},"page":"1667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin Vaccine Attenuates Haloperidol-Induced TD-like Behavioral and Neurochemical Alteration in Experimental Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Narhari Gangaram","family":"Yedke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda 151001, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2018-8402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shubham","family":"Upadhayay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Randhir","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumit","family":"Jamwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8282-3726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheikh F.","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7978-1043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Puneet","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-021-00333-1","article-title":"Naringin ameliorates haloperidol-induced neurotoxicity and orofacial dyskinesia in a rat model of human tardive dyskinesia","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotox. 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