{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T15:44:49Z","timestamp":1782488689796,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministero della Salute \u201cRicerca Corrente\u201d e \u201cCinque per mille\u201d","award":["23680420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23680420"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione Malattie Renali del Bambino ETS","award":["23680420"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23680420"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a biochemical\u2013clinical window into the brain. Unfortunately, its wide dynamic range, low protein concentration, and small sample quantity significantly limit the possibility of using it routinely. Extraventricular drainage (EVD) of CSF allows us to solve quantitative problems and to study the biological role of extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this study, we implemented bioinformatic analysis of our previous data of EVD of CSF and its EVs obtained from congenital hydrocephalus with the aim of identifying a comprehensive list of potential tumor and non-tumor biomarkers of central nervous system diseases. Among all proteins identified, those enriched in EVs are associated with synapses, synaptosomes, and nervous system diseases including gliomas, embryonal tumors, and epilepsy. Among these EV-enriched proteins, given the broad consensus present in the recent scientific literature, we validated syntaxin-binding protein 1 (STXBP1) as a marker of malignancy in EVD of CSF and its EVs from patients with pilocytic astrocytoma and medulloblastoma. Our results show that STXBP1 is negatively enriched in EVs compared to non-tumor diseases and its downregulation correlates with adverse outcomes. Further experiments are needed to validate this and other EV markers in the blood of pediatric patients for translational medicine applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13121730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T03:58:02Z","timestamp":1701403082000},"page":"1730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Identification of Central Nervous System Oncologic Disease Biomarkers in EVs from Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) of Pediatric Patients: A Pilot Neuro-Proteomic Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7016-7584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xhuliana","family":"Kajana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9847-4308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Spinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Garbarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganna","family":"Balagura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5289-4219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Bartolucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteomics and Clinical Metabolomics Unit at the Core Facilities, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7811-8517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Petretto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proteomics and Clinical Metabolomics Unit at the Core Facilities, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7312-0204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Pavanello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Candiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6261-1128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Panfoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6036-1500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Bruschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32833c723d","article-title":"Central nervous system vasculitis in children","volume":"22","author":"Cellucci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. 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