{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:07:14Z","timestamp":1790744834473,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"NIH National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EY021747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY021747"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"NIH National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 EY031631"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 EY031631"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Corneal nerve homeostasis is essential for the functional integrity of the ocular surface. Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and vitamin D receptor knockout (VDR KO) have been found to reduce corneal nerve density in diabetic mice. This is the first study to comprehensively examine the influence of vitamin D on nerve regeneration following corneal epithelial injury in diabetic mice. Corneal nerve regeneration was significantly retarded by diabetes, VDR KO, and VDD, and it was accelerated following topical 1,25 Vit D and 24,25 Vit D administration. Furthermore, topical 1,25 Vit D and 24,25 Vit D increased nerve growth factor, glial cell line-derived neurotropic factor, and neurotropin-3 protein expression, and it increased secretion of GDNF protein from human corneal epithelial cells. CD45+ cells and macrophage numbers were significantly decreased, and vitamin D increased CD45+ cell and macrophage recruitment in these wounded diabetic mouse corneas. The accelerated nerve regeneration observed in these corneas following topical 1,25 Vit D and 24,25 Vit D administration may be related to the vitamin D-stimulated expression, secretion of neurotrophic factors, and recruitment of immune cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13121754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T08:48:32Z","timestamp":1701852512000},"page":"1754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of 1,25-Vitamin D3 and 24,25-Vitamin D3 on Corneal Nerve Regeneration in Diabetic Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CB-2901, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CB-2901, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerry","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CB-2901, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2079-9887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitchell A.","family":"Watsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CB-2901, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(03)00050-2","article-title":"Corneal nerves: Structure, contents and function","volume":"76","author":"Muller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. 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