{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:34:23Z","timestamp":1787027663923,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFA0803000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFA0803000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Advances in nanotechnology have provided novel avenues for the diagnosis and treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), a hematological malignancy characterized by the clonal proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow. This review elucidates the potential of nanotechnology to revolutionize myeloma therapy, focusing on nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems, nanoscale imaging techniques, and nano-immunotherapy. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems offer enhanced drug targeting, reduced systemic toxicity, and improved therapeutic efficacy. We discuss the latest developments in nanocarriers, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles, used for the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents, siRNA, and miRNA in MM treatment. We delve into nanoscale imaging techniques which provide spatial multi-omic data, offering a holistic view of the tumor microenvironment. This spatial resolution can help decipher the complex interplay between cancer cells and their surrounding environment, facilitating the development of highly targeted therapies. Lastly, we explore the burgeoning field of nano-immunotherapy, which employs nanoparticles to modulate the immune system for myeloma treatment. Specifically, we consider how nanoparticles can be used to deliver tumor antigens to antigen-presenting cells, thus enhancing the body\u2019s immune response against myeloma cells. In conclusion, nanotechnology holds great promise for improving the prognosis and quality of life of MM patients. However, several challenges remain, including the need for further preclinical and clinical trials to assess the safety and efficacy of these emerging strategies. Future research should also focus on developing personalized nanomedicine approaches, which could tailor treatments to individual patients based on their genetic and molecular profiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14010083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T04:38:51Z","timestamp":1704775131000},"page":"83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Harnessing Nanotechnology: Emerging Strategies for Multiple Myeloma Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Min","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Hangzhou 310003, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou 310029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Hangzhou 310003, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou 310029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Hangzhou 310003, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou 310029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4575-3287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liangshun","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Hangzhou 310003, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou 310029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Hangzhou 310003, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou 310029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitao","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Hangzhou 310003, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou 310029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianpeng","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou 310029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Malignancy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Hangzhou 310003, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou 310029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24236","article-title":"Myeloma today: Disease definitions and treatment advances","volume":"91","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21601","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2020","volume":"70","author":"Siegel","year":"2020","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5428","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-0866","article-title":"New Developments in Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Assessment of Response in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"22","author":"Landgren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2016.11.004","article-title":"Multiple myeloma epidemiology and survival: A unique malignancy","volume":"43","author":"Kazandjian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20023","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2018.36.15_suppl.e20023","article-title":"Global burden of disease cancer collaboration global burden of multiple myeloma: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"36","author":"Cowan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2008.291","article-title":"Criteria for diagnosis, staging, risk stratification and response assessment of multiple myeloma","volume":"23","author":"Kyle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-070209-175325","article-title":"Multiple myeloma","volume":"62","author":"Laubach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0609.2000.9r233.x","article-title":"Novel therapeutic targets in multiple myeloma","volume":"64","author":"Davies","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2010.02.003","article-title":"From hematopoietic progenitors to B cells: Mechanisms of lineage restriction and commitment","volume":"22","author":"Lukin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01121","article-title":"Cell of origin and genetic alterations in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma","volume":"10","author":"Barwick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141138","article-title":"Regulatory mechanisms that determine the development and function of plasma cells","volume":"21","author":"Calame","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2018.09.001","article-title":"Drug resistance in multiple myeloma","volume":"70","author":"Robak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e538","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70442-5","article-title":"International Myeloma Working Group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma","volume":"15","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-1804","article-title":"Advances in the biology and treatment of bone disease in multiple myeloma","volume":"17","author":"Raje","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13772","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.3830","article-title":"Involvement of multiple myeloma cell-derived exosomes in osteoclast differentiation","volume":"6","author":"Raimondi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2011.381","article-title":"Increased osteocyte death in multiple myeloma patients: Role in myeloma-induced osteoclast formation","volume":"26","author":"Giuliani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032775","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1032775","article-title":"Bispecific antibodies in multiple myeloma treatment: A journey in progress","volume":"12","author":"Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2011-0229","article-title":"Improvement in survival of older adults with multiple myeloma: Results of an updated period analysis of SEER data","volume":"16","author":"Pulte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043445","article-title":"Bortezomib or high-dose dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma","volume":"352","author":"Richardson","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.10.478","article-title":"Side-effect management of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy","volume":"32","author":"Schubert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2023000508","article-title":"Bispecific antibody therapies","volume":"2023","author":"Fassi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2016.122","article-title":"Genomic complexity of multiple myeloma and its clinical implications","volume":"14","author":"Manier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-2218","article-title":"Proteasome inhibitors in cancer therapy: Lessons from the first decade","volume":"14","author":"Orlowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e328","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30206-6","article-title":"International Myeloma Working Group consensus criteria for response and minimal residual disease assessment in multiple myeloma","volume":"17","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"101","article-title":"Living with multiple myeloma: Experiences of patients and their informal caregivers","volume":"19","author":"Molassiotis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer Off. J. Multinatl. Assoc. Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1566","article-title":"Cancer nanotechnology: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"5","author":"Ferrari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt872","article-title":"The \u2018right\u2019 size in nanobiotechnology","volume":"21","author":"Whitesides","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2614","article-title":"Nanoparticle therapeutics: An emerging treatment modality for cancer","volume":"7","author":"Davis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-023-02670-0","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Based Approaches for Treatment of Hematological Malignancies: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"24","author":"Hani","year":"2023","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.clpt.6100400","article-title":"Nanoparticles in medicine: Therapeutic applications and developments","volume":"83","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2591","article-title":"Strategies in the design of nanoparticles for therapeutic applications","volume":"9","author":"Petros","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1039\/C1CS15237H","article-title":"The golden age: Gold nanoparticles for biomedicine","volume":"41","author":"Dreaden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-13-0204","article-title":"Urokinase plasminogen activator system\u2013Targeted delivery of nanobins as a novel ovarian cancer therapy","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3892","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.10.5460","article-title":"Randomized phase III study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin plus bortezomib compared with bortezomib alone in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: Combination therapy improves time to progression","volume":"25","author":"Orlowski","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol. Off. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"3637","article-title":"Nanoparticle-based delivery of small interfering RNA: Challenges for cancer therapy","volume":"7","author":"Miele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3355","article-title":"Combination delivery of TGF-\u03b2 inhibitor and IL-2 by nanoscale liposomal polymeric gels enhances tumour immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10003","article-title":"Nanoparticles in the clinic","volume":"1","author":"Anselmo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0269-6","article-title":"Enhancing cancer immunotherapy with nanomedicine","volume":"20","author":"Irvine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-018-0319-4","article-title":"In situ sprayed bioresponsive immunotherapeutic gel for post-surgical cancer treatment","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"133","article-title":"Drug delivery and nanoparticles: Applications and hazards","volume":"3","author":"Borm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.108","article-title":"Cancer nanomedicine: Progress, challenges and opportunities","volume":"17","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salata, O. (2004). Applications of nanoparticles in biology and medicine. J. Nanobiotechnol., 2.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-3155-2-3"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-071811-150124","article-title":"The effect of nanoparticle size, shape, and surface chemistry on biological systems","volume":"14","author":"Albanese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2008.12.004","article-title":"Nanoparticle-based targeted drug delivery","volume":"86","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3330","article-title":"Principles of nanoparticle design for overcoming biological barriers to drug delivery","volume":"33","author":"Blanco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-016-1958-5","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Based Medicines: A Review of FDA-Approved Materials and Clinical Trials to Date","volume":"33","author":"Bobo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2015.00286","article-title":"Advances and Challenges of Liposome Assisted Drug Delivery","volume":"6","author":"Sercombe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6002","DOI":"10.1021\/ma200675w","article-title":"Stability of Self-Assembled Polymeric Micelles in Serum","volume":"44","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2005.09.018","article-title":"Dendrimers in biomedical applications\u2014Reflections on the field","volume":"57","author":"Svenson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2011.01.007","article-title":"State of the art of nanocrystals\u2014Special features, production, nanotoxicology aspects and intracellular delivery","volume":"78","author":"Gohla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.10.002","article-title":"The EPR effect for macromolecular drug delivery to solid tumors: Improvement of tumor uptake, lowering of systemic toxicity, and distinct tumor imaging in vivo","volume":"65","author":"Maeda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2013.11.009","article-title":"Cancer nanotechnology: The impact of passive and active targeting in the era of modern cancer biology","volume":"66","author":"Bertrand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-040210-162544","article-title":"Nanoparticle delivery of cancer drugs","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1775","article-title":"Design and development of polymers for gene delivery","volume":"4","author":"Pack","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.06.038","article-title":"Insight into nanoparticle cellular uptake and intracellular targeting","volume":"190","author":"Yameen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Control. Release Off. J. Control. Release Soc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2215711120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2215711120","article-title":"In vivo bone marrow microenvironment siRNA delivery using lipid\u2013polymer nanoparticles for multiple myeloma therapy","volume":"120","author":"Riley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17579","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17579","article-title":"Delivery of miR-34a by chitosan\/PLGA nanoplexes for the anticancer treatment of multiple myeloma","volume":"5","author":"Cosco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s12195-023-00774-y","article-title":"siRNA Lipid\u2013Polymer Nanoparticles Targeting E-Selectin and Cyclophilin A in Bone Marrow for Combination Multiple Myeloma Therapy","volume":"16","author":"Riley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"742","article-title":"Progress in nanomedicine: Approved and investigational nanodrugs","volume":"42","author":"Ventola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"388","article-title":"Pharmacological basis of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin: Impact on cancer therapy","volume":"45","author":"Gabizon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. Off. J. Eur. Fed. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.77.6112","article-title":"CPX-351 (cytarabine and daunorubicin) Liposome for Injection Versus Conventional Cytarabine Plus Daunorubicin in Older Patients With Newly Diagnosed Secondary Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"36","author":"Lancet","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol. Off. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7794","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.04.937","article-title":"Phase III trial of nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel compared with polyethylated castor oil\u2013based paclitaxel in women with breast cancer","volume":"23","author":"Gradishar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol. Off. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehta, M., Satija, S., Paudel, K.R., Malyla, V., Kannaujiya, V.K., Chellappan, D.K., Bebawy, M., Hansbro, P.M., Wich, P.R., and Dua, K. (2021). Targeting respiratory diseases using miRNA inhibitor based nanotherapeutics: Current status and future perspectives. Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med., 31.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2020.102303"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"H217","article-title":"Cancer nanotheranostics: Improving imaging and therapy by targeted delivery across biological barriers","volume":"23","author":"Kievit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068445e","article-title":"Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, stabilization, vectorization, physicochemical characterizations, and biological applications","volume":"108","author":"Laurent","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.184028","article-title":"Total-Body PET: Maximizing Sensitivity to Create New Opportunities for Clinical Research and Patient Care","volume":"59","author":"Cherry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.2174\/157339470903140220144703","article-title":"Nanotechnology for cancer diagnostics and therapy\u2014An update on novel molecular players","volume":"9","author":"Fernandes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Cancer Ther. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.11.19","article-title":"Nanoparticle PEGylation for imaging and therapy","volume":"6","author":"Jokerst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1021\/cr2001178","article-title":"Gold nanoparticles in chemical and biological sensing","volume":"112","author":"Saha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216rv4","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005872","article-title":"Cancer nanomedicine: From drug delivery to imaging","volume":"5","author":"Chow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2017.1337115","article-title":"Overcoming multiple myeloma drug resistance in the era of cancer \u2018omics\u2019","volume":"59","author":"Guang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5282","DOI":"10.1021\/jm500352v","article-title":"Liposomal bortezomib nanoparticles via boronic ester prodrug formulation for improved therapeutic efficacy in vivo","volume":"57","author":"Ashley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"100011","article-title":"Development and characterization of liposomal formulation of bortezomib","volume":"1","author":"Deshantri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. X"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2019.01.011","article-title":"Combinatorial nanocarriers against drug resistance in hematological cancers: Opportunities and emerging strategies","volume":"296","author":"Ghosh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-11-568881","article-title":"Pathogenesis beyond the cancer clone(s) in multiple myeloma","volume":"125","author":"Bianchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2017.166","article-title":"Tumour heterogeneity and resistance to cancer therapies","volume":"15","author":"Shaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2013.12.015","article-title":"Widespread genetic heterogeneity in multiple myeloma: Implications for targeted therapy","volume":"25","author":"Lohr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-082410-101446","article-title":"Personalized medicine: Progress and promise","volume":"12","author":"Chan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genom. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2004.06.005","article-title":"Biomarker discovery and validation: Technologies and integrative approaches","volume":"22","author":"Ilyin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, L.N., and Sherbenou, D.W. (2021). Emerging therapeutic strategies to overcome drug resistance in multiple myeloma. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13071686"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdh097","article-title":"Reduced cardiotoxicity and comparable efficacy in a phase III trial of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin HCl (CAELYX\/Doxil) versus conventional doxorubicin for first-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer","volume":"15","author":"Wigler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol. Off. J. Eur. Soc. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3816\/CLML.2011.n.005","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in combination with bortezomib for multiple myeloma: Effects of adverse prognostic factors on outcome","volume":"11","author":"Sonneveld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2017.11.007","article-title":"Bench-to-bedside translation of dendrimers: Reality or utopia? A concise analysis","volume":"136\u2013137","author":"Mignani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.11.045","article-title":"Enhancing proteasome-inhibitory activity and specificity of bortezomib by CD38 targeted nanoparticles in multiple myeloma","volume":"270","author":"Luderer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-023-00955-y","article-title":"BCMA-targeted bortezomib nanotherapy improves therapeutic efficacy, overcomes resistance, and modulates the immune microenvironment in multiple myeloma","volume":"13","author":"Dutta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119389","article-title":"PEGylated dendrimer mediated delivery of bortezomib: Drug conjugation versus encapsulation","volume":"584","author":"Sahoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807941","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201807941","article-title":"Bortezomib dendrimer prodrug-based nanoparticle system","volume":"29","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-009-9992-1","article-title":"PEGylated PAMAM dendrimer-doxorubicin conjugates: In vitro evaluation and in vivo tumor accumulation","volume":"27","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patra, J.K., Das, G., Fraceto, L.F., Campos, E.V.R., del Pilar Rodriguez-Torres, M., Acosta-Torres, L.S., Diaz-Torres, L.A., Grillo, R., Swamy, M.K., and Sharma, S. (2018). Nano based drug delivery systems: Recent developments and future prospects. J. Nanobiotechnol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-018-0392-8"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119173","article-title":"Biotinylated HPMA centered polymeric nanoparticles for Bortezomib delivery","volume":"579","author":"Rani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701429","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201701429","article-title":"Erythrocyte-Membrane-Enveloped Perfluorocarbon as Nanoscale Artificial Red Blood Cells to Relieve Tumor Hypoxia and Enhance Cancer Radiotherapy","volume":"29","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5071","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.3c00677","article-title":"Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Nanoparticles Formed of POSS\u2013PEG for the Delivery of Boronic Acid-Containing Therapeutics","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-019-0095-0","article-title":"Targeting epigenetic regulators for cancer therapy: Mechanisms and advances in clinical trials","volume":"4","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa4967","article-title":"Adoptive cell transfer as personalized immunotherapy for human cancer","volume":"348","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-0367","article-title":"Fundamental Mechanisms of Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy","volume":"8","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3776","article-title":"Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug delivery","volume":"12","author":"Mura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03705-y","article-title":"Progress and challenges towards targeted delivery of cancer therapeutics","volume":"9","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900172","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201900172","article-title":"Biomimetic Nanotherapies: Red Blood Cell Based Core\u2013Shell Structured Nanocomplexes for Atherosclerosis Management","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1707112","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201707112","article-title":"PD-1 Blockade Cellular Vesicles for Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3858","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17637-z","article-title":"A nanoscale metal organic frameworks-based vaccine synergises with PD-1 blockade to potentiate anti-tumour immunity","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101565","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202101565","article-title":"Anti-BCMA Immuno-NanoPET Radiotracers for Improved Detection of Multiple Myeloma","volume":"11","author":"Thomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, S., Mejia, F., Shin, J., Hwang, G., Omstead, D.T., Wu, J., Cole, S.L., Littlepage, L.E., and Bilgicer, B. (2023). Disease-driven engineering of peptide-targeted DM1 loaded liposomal nanoparticles for enhanced efficacy in treating multiple myeloma by exploring DM1 prodrug chemistry. Biomaterials, 292.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121913"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-019-0540-7","article-title":"BCMA peptide-engineered nanoparticles enhance induction and function of antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes against multiple myeloma: Clinical applications","volume":"34","author":"Bae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12645-023-00230-6","article-title":"Targeting and internalizing PEGylated nanodrugs to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of hematologic malignancies by anti-PEG bispecific antibody (mPEG \u00d7 CD20)","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-021-01127-2","article-title":"Nanoparticle T-cell engagers as a modular platform for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"35","author":"Alhallak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2014.27","article-title":"Replacement of bortezomib with carfilzomib for multiple myeloma patients progressing from bortezomib combination therapy","volume":"28","author":"Berenson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"1432","article-title":"Breakthrough of the year 2013. Cancer immunotherapy","volume":"342","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13193","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13193","article-title":"Photothermal therapy with immune-adjuvant nanoparticles together with checkpoint blockade for effective cancer immunotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12150","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12150","article-title":"Recommendations for myeloid-derived suppressor cell nomenclature and characterization standards","volume":"7","author":"Bronte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"323","article-title":"Intra-tumour heterogeneity: A looking glass for cancer? Nature Reviews","volume":"12","author":"Marusyk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2010.139","article-title":"Delivering nanomedicine to solid tumors","volume":"7","author":"Jain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.07.030","article-title":"Using exosomes, naturally-equipped nanocarriers, for drug delivery","volume":"219","author":"Batrakova","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Control. Release Off. J. Control. Release Soc."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.03.016","article-title":"Synergistic anti-tumor effects of combined gemcitabine and cisplatin nanoparticles in a stroma-rich bladder carcinoma model","volume":"182","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Control. Release Off. J. Control. Release Soc."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0024-5","article-title":"Applications of machine learning in drug discovery and development","volume":"18","author":"Vamathevan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasin, Y., Seldin, M., and Lusis, A. (2017). Multi-omics approaches to disease. Genome Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-017-1215-1"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1049-y","article-title":"Transcriptome-scale super-resolved imaging in tissues by RNA seqFISH+","volume":"568","author":"Eng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Natoni, A., Bohara, R., Pandit, A., and O\u2019Dwyer, M. (2019). Targeted approaches to inhibit sialylation of multiple myeloma in the bone marrow microenvironment. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2019.00252"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-018-0185-0","article-title":"Advanced tools for the safety assessment of nanomaterials","volume":"13","author":"Fadeel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2007.223","article-title":"Immunological properties of engineered nanomaterials","volume":"2","author":"Dobrovolskaia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S55359","article-title":"Nanotherapeutics in the EU: An overview on current state and future directions","volume":"9","author":"Pepic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/1\/83\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:42:34Z","timestamp":1760103754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/1\/83"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["biom14010083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom14010083","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]}}}