{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T11:18:39Z","timestamp":1788347919962,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP20H03481"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20H03481"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP21H02724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21H02724"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP21KK0138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21KK0138"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP23KK0140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23KK0140"]}]},{"name":"EU Advanced Research Fellowship","award":["JP20H03481"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20H03481"]}]},{"name":"EU Advanced Research Fellowship","award":["JP21H02724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21H02724"]}]},{"name":"EU Advanced Research Fellowship","award":["JP21KK0138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21KK0138"]}]},{"name":"EU Advanced Research Fellowship","award":["JP23KK0140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23KK0140"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extensive control efforts have significantly reduced malaria cases and deaths over the past two decades, but in recent years, coupled with the COVID-19 pandemic, success has stalled. The WHO has urged the implementation of a number of interventions, including vaccines. The modestly effective RTS,S\/AS01 pre-erythrocytic vaccine has been recommended by the WHO for use in sub-Saharan Africa against Plasmodium falciparum in children residing in moderate to high malaria transmission regions. A second pre-erythrocytic vaccine, R21\/Matrix-M, was also recommended by the WHO on 3 October 2023. However, the paucity and limitations of pre-erythrocytic vaccines highlight the need for asexual blood-stage malaria vaccines that prevent disease caused by blood-stage parasites. Few asexual blood-stage vaccine candidates have reached phase 2 clinical development, and the challenges in terms of their efficacy include antigen polymorphisms and low immunogenicity in humans. This review summarizes the history and progress of asexual blood-stage malaria vaccine development, highlighting the need for novel candidate vaccine antigens\/molecules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14010100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T07:47:16Z","timestamp":1705045636000},"page":"100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Need for Novel Asexual Blood-Stage Malaria Vaccine Candidates for Plasmodium falciparum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9070-8499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eizo","family":"Takashima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Otsuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Morita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4554-6085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hikaru","family":"Nagaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takaaki","family":"Yuguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifra","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7415-1325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takafumi","family":"Tsuboi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cell-Free Sciences, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2023). 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