{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:43:00Z","timestamp":1760143380978,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute for General Medical Sciences","award":["#P20GM103646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#P20GM103646"]}]},{"name":"COBRE Core B (Omics and Bioinformatics core)","award":["#P20GM103646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#P20GM103646"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), a Gram-positive bacterium, poses a significant threat to human health, causing mild respiratory infections to severe invasive conditions. Despite the availability of vaccines, challenges persist due to serotype replacement and antibiotic resistance, emphasizing the need for alternative therapeutic strategies. This study explores the intriguing role of polyamines, ubiquitous, small organic cations, in modulating virulence factors, especially the capsule, a crucial determinant of Spn\u2019s pathogenicity. Using chemical inhibitors, difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) and AMXT 1501, this research unveils distinct regulatory effects on the gene expression of the Spn D39 serotype in response to altered polyamine homeostasis. DFMO inhibits polyamine biosynthesis, disrupting pathways associated with glucose import and the interconversion of sugars. In contrast, AMXT 1501, targeting polyamine transport, enhances the expression of polyamine and glucose biosynthesis genes, presenting a novel avenue for regulating the capsule independent of glucose availability. Despite ample glucose availability, AMXT 1501 treatment downregulates the glycolytic pathway, fatty acid synthesis, and ATP synthase, crucial for energy production, while upregulating two-component systems responsible for stress management. This suggests a potential shutdown of energy production and capsule biosynthesis, redirecting resources towards stress management. Following DFMO and AMXT 1501 treatments, countermeasures, such as upregulation of stress response genes and ribosomal protein, were observed but appear to be insufficient to overcome the deleterious effects on capsule production. This study highlights the complexity of polyamine-mediated regulation in S. pneumoniae, particularly capsule biosynthesis. Our findings offer valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets for modulating capsules in a polyamine-dependent manner, a promising avenue for intervention against S. pneumoniae infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14020178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T09:24:08Z","timestamp":1706865848000},"page":"178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of Difluoromethylornithine and AMXT 1501 on Gene Expression and Capsule Regulation in Streptococcus pneumoniae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2669-6347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moses B.","family":"Ayoola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslie A.","family":"Shack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7101-1311","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"IV","given":"Otto","family":"Phanstiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bindu","family":"Nanduri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2023, November 06). 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