{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:56:29Z","timestamp":1791410189734,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]],"date-time":"2024-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies have shown that a pro-inflammatory diet and dysbiosis, especially a high level of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), are associated with various adverse health conditions. Cardiovascular diseases and pancreatic diseases are two major morbidities in the modern world. Through this narrative review, we aimed to summarize the association between a pro-inflammatory diet, gut microbiota, and cardiovascular and pancreatic diseases, along with their underlying mechanisms. Our review revealed that TMAO is associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases by promoting platelet aggregation, atherosclerotic plaque formation, and vascular inflammation. TMAO is also associated with the development of acute pancreatitis. The pro-inflammatory diet is associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer and cardiovascular diseases through mechanisms that include increasing TMAO levels, activating the lipopolysaccharides cascade, and the direct pro-inflammatory effect of certain nutrients. Meanwhile, an anti-inflammatory diet decreases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and pancreatic cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14020210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T03:50:27Z","timestamp":1707709827000},"page":"210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Pro-Inflammatory Food, Gut Microbiota, and Cardiovascular and Pancreatic Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bing","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA 17822, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shriraj","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA 17822, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyu","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danial","family":"Nadeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA 17822, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chayakrit","family":"Krittanawong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Division, NYU School of Medicine and NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.09.020","article-title":"Western Diet and the Immune System: An Inflammatory Connection","volume":"51","author":"Christ","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013002115","article-title":"Designing and Developing a Literature-Derived, Population-Based Dietary Inflammatory Index","volume":"17","author":"Shivappa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szypowska, A., Zato\u0144ska, K., Szuba, A., and Regulska-Ilow, B. 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