{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:31:58Z","timestamp":1787499118159,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund of the European Union and Greek national funds","award":["T1EDK\u201401504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T1EDK\u201401504"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund of the European Union and Greek national funds","award":["390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["390"]}]},{"name":"Stavros Niarchos Foundation to C.P.A.","award":["T1EDK\u201401504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T1EDK\u201401504"]}]},{"name":"Stavros Niarchos Foundation to C.P.A.","award":["390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["390"]}]},{"name":"Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI)","award":["T1EDK\u201401504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T1EDK\u201401504"]}]},{"name":"Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI)","award":["390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["390"]}]},{"name":"Greece and the European Union (European Social Fund (ESF))","award":["T1EDK\u201401504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T1EDK\u201401504"]}]},{"name":"Greece and the European Union (European Social Fund (ESF))","award":["390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["390"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health risk as a consequence of misuse of antibiotics. Owing to the increasing antimicrobial resistance, it became imperative to develop novel molecules and materials with antimicrobial properties. Porphyrins and metalloporphyrins are compounds which present antimicrobial properties especially after irradiation. As a consequence, porphyrinoids have recently been utilized as antimicrobial agents in antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation in bacteria and other microorganisms. Herein, we report the encapsulation of porphyrins into peptide hydrogels which serve as delivery vehicles. We selected the self-assembling Fmoc-Phe-Phe dipeptide, a potent gelator, as a scaffold due to its previously reported biocompatibility and three different water-soluble porphyrins as photosensitizers. We evaluated the structural, mechanical and in vitro degradation properties of these hydrogels, their interaction with NIH3T3 mouse skin fibroblasts, and we assessed their antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. We found out that the hydrogels are cytocompatible and display antimicrobial efficiency against both strains with the zinc porphyrins being more efficient. Therefore, these hydrogels present a promising alternative for combating bacterial infections in the face of growing AMR concerns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14020226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T03:37:27Z","timestamp":1708054647000},"page":"226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Antimicrobial Potency of Fmoc-Phe-Phe Dipeptide Hydrogels with Encapsulated Porphyrin Chromophores Is a Promising Alternative in Antimicrobial Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chrysanthi Pinelopi","family":"Apostolidou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL) FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4825-9022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chrysoula","family":"Kokotidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL) FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varvara","family":"Platania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL) FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9724-9248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasilis","family":"Nikolaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Landrou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Nikoloudakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1237-9962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Charalambidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"},{"name":"Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2749-2506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Chatzinikolaidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL) FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5682-2968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanassios G.","family":"Coutsolelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL) FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Mitraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 71003 Heraklion, Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL) FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urban-Chmiel, R., Marek, A., Wieczorek, K., Dec, M., Stepien-Pysniak, D., Nowaczek, A., and Osek, J. 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