{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:38:19Z","timestamp":1792154299215,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL149709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL149709"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K99HD109373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K99HD109373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002494"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Institutes of Health\u2019s National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL149709"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL149709"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Institutes of Health\u2019s National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K99HD109373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K99HD109373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Institutes of Health\u2019s National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR002494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002494"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early life stress (ELS) is linked to an elevated risk of poor health and early mortality, with emerging evidence pointing to the pivotal role of the immune system in long-term health outcomes. While recent research has focused on the impact of ELS on inflammation, this study examined the impact of ELS on immune function, including CMV seropositivity, inflammatory cytokines, and lymphocyte cell subsets in an adolescent cohort. This study used data from the Early Life Stress and Cardiometabolic Health in Adolescence Study (N = 191, aged 12 to 21 years, N = 95 exposed to ELS). We employed multiple regression to investigate the association between ELS, characterized by early institutional care, cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositivity (determined by chemiluminescent immunoassay), inflammation (CRP, IL-6, and TNF-a determined by ELISA), and twenty-one immune cell subsets characterized by flow cytometry (sixteen T cell subsets and five B cell subsets). Results reveal a significant association between ELS and lymphocytes that was independent of the association between ELS and inflammation: ELS was associated with increased effector memory helper T cells, effector memory cytotoxic T cells, senescent T cells, senescent B cells, and IgD\u2212 memory B cells compared to non-adopted youth. ELS was also associated with reduced percentages of helper T cells and naive cytotoxic T cells. Exploratory analyses found that the association between ELS and fewer helper T cells and increased cytotoxic T cells remained even in cytomegalovirus (CMV) seronegative youth. These findings suggest that ELS is associated with cell subsets that are linked to early mortality risk in older populations and markers of replicative senescence, separate from inflammation, in adolescents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14030262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T11:28:47Z","timestamp":1708601327000},"page":"262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Early Life Stress Is Associated with Alterations in Lymphocyte Subsets Independent of Increased Inflammation in Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0056-5995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brie M.","family":"Reid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Desjardins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Michael\u2019s College, Colchester, VT 05439, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bharat","family":"Thyagarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Linden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Gunnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.06.021","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of premature mortality","volume":"37","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. 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