{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:48:14Z","timestamp":1789382894697,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of South Africa","award":["93450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["93450"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of South Africa","award":["85466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["85466"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of South Africa","award":["85768 [IFR13020116790]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["85768 [IFR13020116790]"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of South Africa","award":["150678"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["150678"]}]},{"name":"University of Cape Town Research Committee","award":["93450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["93450"]}]},{"name":"University of Cape Town Research Committee","award":["85466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["85466"]}]},{"name":"University of Cape Town Research Committee","award":["85768 [IFR13020116790]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["85768 [IFR13020116790]"]}]},{"name":"University of Cape Town Research Committee","award":["150678"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["150678"]}]},{"name":"Centre for High-Performance Computing (CHPC), South Africa","award":["93450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["93450"]}]},{"name":"Centre for High-Performance Computing (CHPC), South Africa","award":["85466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["85466"]}]},{"name":"Centre for High-Performance Computing (CHPC), South Africa","award":["85768 [IFR13020116790]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["85768 [IFR13020116790]"]}]},{"name":"Centre for High-Performance Computing (CHPC), South Africa","award":["150678"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["150678"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuropeptides are the main regulators of physiological, developmental, and behavioural processes in insects. Three insect neuropeptide systems, the adipokinetic hormone (AKH), corazonin (Crz), and adipokinetic hormone\/corazonin-related peptide (ACP), and their cognate receptors, are related to the vertebrate gonadotropin (GnRH) system and form the GnRH superfamily of peptides. In the current study, the two signalling systems, AKH and ACP, of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, were comparatively investigated with respect to ligand binding to their respective receptors. To achieve this, the solution structure of the hormones was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance distance restraint methodology. Atomic-scale models of the two G protein-coupled receptors were constructed with the help of homology modelling. Thereafter, the binding sites of the receptors were identified by blind docking of the ligands to the receptors, and models were derived for each hormone system showing how the ligands are bound to their receptors. Lastly, the two models were validated by comparing the computational results with experimentally derived data available from the literature. This mostly resulted in an acceptable agreement, proving the models to be largely correct and usable. The identification of an antagonist versus a true agonist may, however, require additional testing. The computational data also explains the exclusivity of the two systems that bind only the cognate ligand. This study forms the basis for further drug discovery studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14030313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T05:48:01Z","timestamp":1709704081000},"page":"313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Adipokinetic Hormone (AKH) and the Adipokinetic Hormone\/Corazonin-Related Peptide (ACP) Signalling Systems of the Yellow Fever Mosquito Aedes aegypti: Chemical Models of Binding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4243-5470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham E.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3284-2176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc-Antoine","family":"Sani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3000-3010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather G.","family":"Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6484-2763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frances","family":"Separovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"},{"name":"School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7048-9660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerd","family":"G\u00e4de","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10736","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.045369","article-title":"Discovery of a Novel Insect Neuropeptide Signaling System Closely Related to the Insect Adipokinetic Hormone and Corazonin Hormonal Systems","volume":"285","author":"Hansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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