{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T13:44:09Z","timestamp":1791726249836,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":266,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["DK132214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK132214"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["GM084018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM084018"]}]},{"name":"Biomedical Research Council (BMRC) and Ministry of Education (MOE), Singapore","award":["DK132214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK132214"]}]},{"name":"Biomedical Research Council (BMRC) and Ministry of Education (MOE), Singapore","award":["GM084018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM084018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), as well as host defense peptides (HDPs), constitute the first line of defense as part of the innate immune system. Humans are known to express antimicrobial precursor proteins, which are further processed to generate AMPs, including several types of \u03b1\/\u03b2 defensins, histatins, and cathelicidin-derived AMPs like LL37. The broad-spectrum activity of AMPs is crucial to defend against infections caused by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The emergence of multi-drug resistant pathogenic bacteria is of global concern for public health. The prospects of targeting antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria with AMPs are of high significance for developing new generations of antimicrobial agents. The 37-residue long LL37, the only cathelicidin family of AMP in humans, has been the major focus for the past few decades of research. The host defense activity of LL37 is likely underscored by its expression throughout the body, spanning from the epithelial cells of various organs\u2014testis, skin, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract\u2014to immune cells. Remarkably, apart from canonical direct killing of pathogenic organisms, LL37 exerts several other host defense activities, including inflammatory response modulation, chemo-attraction, and wound healing and closure at the infected sites. In addition, LL37 and its derived peptides are bestowed with anti-cancer and anti-amyloidogenic properties. In this review article, we aim to develop integrative, mechanistic insight into LL37 and its derived peptides, based on the known biophysical, structural, and functional studies in recent years. We believe that this review will pave the way for future research on the structures, biochemical and biophysical properties, and design of novel LL37-based molecules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14030320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T03:52:11Z","timestamp":1709869931000},"page":"320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["LL-37: Structures, Antimicrobial Activity, and Influence on Amyloid-Related Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7015-1937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surajit","family":"Bhattacharjya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhizhuo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Michigan Neuroscience Institute, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1964-1900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayyalusamy","family":"Ramamoorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Michigan Neuroscience Institute, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1126\/science.321.5887.356","article-title":"The Bacteria Fight Back","volume":"321","author":"Taubes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1126\/science.352.6287.758","article-title":"Resistance Fighters","volume":"352","author":"Kupferschmidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02185-7","article-title":"Global Mortality Associated with 33 Bacterial Pathogens in 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"400","author":"Ikuta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2020.06.004","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance","volume":"30","author":"Morrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastrointest. 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