{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T22:51:10Z","timestamp":1791845470356,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Youth Project of Hubei Provincial Science and Technology Department","award":["2022CFB717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFB717"]}]},{"name":"Youth Project of Hubei Provincial Science and Technology Department","award":["S202310487622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202310487622"]}]},{"name":"Youth Project of Hubei Provincial Science and Technology Department","award":["CSA-MWO2021-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSA-MWO2021-03"]}]},{"name":"Youth Project of Hubei Provincial Science and Technology Department","award":["2022201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022201"]}]},{"name":"Youth Project of Hubei Provincial Science and Technology Department","award":["2022B25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B25"]}]},{"name":"Youth Project of Hubei Provincial Science and Technology Department","award":["2022058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022058"]}]},{"name":"General Project of Hubei Provincial College Students\u2019 Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["2022CFB717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFB717"]}]},{"name":"General Project of Hubei Provincial College Students\u2019 Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["S202310487622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202310487622"]}]},{"name":"General Project of Hubei Provincial College Students\u2019 Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["CSA-MWO2021-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSA-MWO2021-03"]}]},{"name":"General Project of Hubei Provincial College Students\u2019 Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["2022201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022201"]}]},{"name":"General Project of Hubei Provincial College Students\u2019 Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["2022B25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B25"]}]},{"name":"General Project of Hubei Provincial College Students\u2019 Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["2022058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022058"]}]},{"name":"Youth Fund of Chinese Stomatological Association","award":["2022CFB717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFB717"]}]},{"name":"Youth Fund of Chinese Stomatological Association","award":["S202310487622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202310487622"]}]},{"name":"Youth Fund of Chinese Stomatological Association","award":["CSA-MWO2021-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSA-MWO2021-03"]}]},{"name":"Youth Fund of Chinese Stomatological Association","award":["2022201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022201"]}]},{"name":"Youth Fund of Chinese Stomatological Association","award":["2022B25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B25"]}]},{"name":"Youth Fund of Chinese Stomatological Association","award":["2022058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022058"]}]},{"name":"Undergraduate Teaching Project of Huazhong University of Science and Technology","award":["2022CFB717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFB717"]}]},{"name":"Undergraduate Teaching Project of Huazhong University of Science and Technology","award":["S202310487622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202310487622"]}]},{"name":"Undergraduate Teaching Project of Huazhong University of Science and Technology","award":["CSA-MWO2021-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSA-MWO2021-03"]}]},{"name":"Undergraduate Teaching Project of Huazhong University of Science and Technology","award":["2022201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022201"]}]},{"name":"Undergraduate Teaching Project of Huazhong University of Science and Technology","award":["2022B25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B25"]}]},{"name":"Undergraduate Teaching Project of Huazhong University of Science and Technology","award":["2022058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022058"]}]},{"name":"Cultivation Project of Scientific Research Fund of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","award":["2022CFB717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFB717"]}]},{"name":"Cultivation Project of Scientific Research Fund of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","award":["S202310487622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202310487622"]}]},{"name":"Cultivation Project of Scientific Research Fund of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","award":["CSA-MWO2021-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSA-MWO2021-03"]}]},{"name":"Cultivation Project of Scientific Research Fund of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","award":["2022201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022201"]}]},{"name":"Cultivation Project of Scientific Research Fund of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","award":["2022B25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B25"]}]},{"name":"Cultivation Project of Scientific Research Fund of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","award":["2022058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022058"]}]},{"name":"General Project of Second Clinical College, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","award":["2022CFB717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022CFB717"]}]},{"name":"General Project of Second Clinical College, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","award":["S202310487622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202310487622"]}]},{"name":"General Project of Second Clinical College, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","award":["CSA-MWO2021-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSA-MWO2021-03"]}]},{"name":"General Project of Second Clinical College, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","award":["2022201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022201"]}]},{"name":"General Project of Second Clinical College, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","award":["2022B25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B25"]}]},{"name":"General Project of Second Clinical College, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","award":["2022058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022058"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulpitis is a common and frequent disease in dental clinics. Although vital pulp therapy and root canal treatment can stop the progression of inflammation, they do not allow for genuine structural regeneration and functional reconstruction of the pulp\u2013dentin complex. In recent years, with the development of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, research on stem cell-based regenerative endodontic therapy (RET) has achieved satisfactory preliminary results, significantly enhancing its clinical translational prospects. As one of the crucial paracrine effectors, the roles and functions of exosomes in pulp\u2013dentin complex regeneration have gained considerable attention. Due to their advantages of cost-effectiveness, extensive sources, favorable biocompatibility, and high safety, exosomes are considered promising therapeutic tools to promote dental pulp regeneration. Accordingly, in this article, we first focus on the biological properties of exosomes, including their biogenesis, uptake, isolation, and characterization. Then, from the perspectives of cell proliferation, migration, odontogenesis, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis, we aim to reveal the roles and mechanisms of exosomes involved in regenerative endodontics. Lastly, immense efforts are made to illustrate the clinical strategies and influencing factors of exosomes applied in dental pulp regeneration, such as types of parental cells, culture conditions of parent cells, exosome concentrations, and scaffold materials, in an attempt to lay a solid foundation for exploring and facilitating the therapeutic strategy of exosome-based regenerative endodontic procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14030330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T06:05:30Z","timestamp":1710137130000},"page":"330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Exosomes as Promising Therapeutic Tools for Regenerative Endodontic Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Qingyue","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outpatient Department Office, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6353-9992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4103-400X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"},{"name":"Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2021.09.010","article-title":"Bacterial invasion of pulp blood vessels in teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis","volume":"47","author":"Ricucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-011-0664-2","article-title":"Long-term outcome of primary non-surgical root canal treatment","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Oral. Investig."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2019.05.022","article-title":"Vital pulp therapy: Histopathology and histobacteriology-based guidelines to treat teeth with deep caries and pulp exposure","volume":"86","author":"Ricucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2012.09.004","article-title":"Vital pulp therapy","volume":"57","author":"Cohenca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-016-1802-7","article-title":"Different materials for direct pulp capping: Systematic review and meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis","volume":"20","author":"Schwendicke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Oral. Investig."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"15","article-title":"New approaches in vital pulp therapy in permanent teeth","volume":"9","author":"Ghoddusi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1994.0205","article-title":"Re-evaluating pulp protection: Calcium hydroxide liners vs. cohesive hybridization","volume":"125","author":"Cox","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2008.06.006","article-title":"A comparative study of histologic response to different pulp capping materials and a novel endodontic cement","volume":"106","author":"Asgary","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral. Surg. Oral. Med. Oral. Pathol. Oral. Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giuroiu, C.L., C\u0103runtu, I.D., Lozneanu, L., Melian, A., Vataman, M., and Andrian, S. (2015). Dental pulp: Correspondences and contradictions between clinical and histological diagnosis. Biomed. Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/960321"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2009.09.029","article-title":"AAE consensus conference on diagnostic terminology: Background and perspectives","volume":"35","author":"Glickman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"201","article-title":"The prognosis of root canal therapy: A 10-year retrospective cohort study on 411 patients with 1175 endodontically treated teeth","volume":"2","author":"Fonzar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2007.07.018","article-title":"The outcome of endodontic treatment: A retrospective study of 2000 cases performed by a specialist","volume":"33","author":"Imura","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.19-0398","article-title":"Pulp stem cells derived from human permanent and deciduous teeth: Biological characteristics and therapeutic applications","volume":"9","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Z., Shen, Z., Zhan, P., Yang, J., Huang, Q., Huang, S., Chen, L., and Lin, Z. (2021). Functional dental pulp regeneration: Basic research and clinical translation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168991"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2009.0518","article-title":"Stem\/progenitor cell-mediated de novo regeneration of dental pulp with newly deposited continuous layer of dentin in an in vivo model","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaf3227","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf3227","article-title":"Deciduous autologous tooth stem cells regenerate dental pulp after implantation into injured teeth","volume":"10","author":"Xuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01560","article-title":"Angiogenic properties of dental pulp stem cells conditioned medium on endothelial cells in vitro and in rodent orthotopic dental pulp regeneration","volume":"5","author":"Origassa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.3727\/096368914X683502","article-title":"Trophic effects and regenerative potential of mobilized mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow and adipose tissue as alternative cell sources for pulp\/dentin regeneration","volume":"24","author":"Murakami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2019.0262","article-title":"Effect of the soluble factors released by dental apical papilla-derived stem cells on the osteo\/odontogenic, angiogenic, and neurogenic differentiation of dental pulp cells","volume":"29","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-017-0752-6","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosome-rich fractionated secretome confers a hepatoprotective effect in liver injury","volume":"9","author":"Damania","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0177","article-title":"Adipose-derived stem cells induce angiogenesis via microvesicle transport of miRNA-31","volume":"5","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2015.03.031","article-title":"Mesenchymal-stem-cell-derived exosomes accelerate skeletal muscle regeneration","volume":"589","author":"Nakamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/nri855","article-title":"Exosomes: Composition, biogenesis and function","volume":"2","author":"Zitvogel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.09.029","article-title":"Exosomes as biomimetic tools for stem cell differentiation: Applications in dental pulp tissue regeneration","volume":"111","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5914","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.43156","article-title":"Exosome-like vesicles derived from Hertwig\u2019s epithelial root sheath cells promote the regeneration of dentin-pulp tissue","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2023.48.e20","article-title":"Stem cell-derived exosomes for dentin-pulp complex regeneration: A mini-review","volume":"48","author":"Hammouda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Restor. Dent. Endod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(83)90040-5","article-title":"Fate of the transferrin receptor during maturation of sheep reticulocytes in vitro: Selective externalization of the receptor","volume":"33","author":"Pan","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9412","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)48095-7","article-title":"Vesicle formation during re-ticulocyte maturation. Association of plasma membrane activities with released vesicles (exosomes)","volume":"262","author":"Johnstone","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02138-7","article-title":"Advances in mesenchymal stem cell exosomes: A review","volume":"12","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hade, M.D., Suire, C.N., and Suo, Z. (2021). Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: Applications in regenerative medicine. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10081959"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau6977","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977","article-title":"The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes","volume":"367","author":"Kalluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.53671","article-title":"Regulation of exosome production and cargo sorting","volume":"17","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17319","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17319","article-title":"Isolation of exosomes by differential centrifugation: Theoretical analysis of a commonly used protocol","volume":"5","author":"Livshits","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6917","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S264498","article-title":"Exosome: A review of its classification, isolation techniques, storage, diagnostic and targeted therapy applications","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535750","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1535750","article-title":"Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): A position statement of the international society for extracellular vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines","volume":"7","author":"Witwer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.300639","article-title":"Exosomes and cardiac repair after myocardial infarction","volume":"114","author":"Sahoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.02.026","article-title":"Plasma exosomes protect the myocardium from ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"65","author":"Vicencio","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0126-4","article-title":"Exosomes\u2014Beyond stem cells for restorative therapy in stroke and neurological injury","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00811","article-title":"Multicellular crosstalk between exosomes and the neurovascular unit after cerebral ischemia. therapeutic implications","volume":"12","author":"Zagrean","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C848","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00041.2020","article-title":"Exosomes derived from mmu_circ_0000250-modified adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote wound healing in diabetic mice by inducing miR-128-3p\/SIRT1-mediated autophagy","volume":"318","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt465","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote hepatic regeneration in drug-induced liver injury models","volume":"5","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2016.11.019","article-title":"hucMSC exosome-derived GPX1 is required for the eecovery of hepatic oxidant injury","volume":"25","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.06.022","article-title":"Exosomes derived from human embryonic mesenchymal stem cells promote osteochondral regeneration","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0285","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote fracture healing in a mouse model","volume":"5","author":"Furuta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-016-0391-3","article-title":"Exosomes\/tricalcium phosphate combination scaffolds can enhance bone regeneration by activating the PI3K\/Akt signaling pathway","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.17133","article-title":"Exosomes derived from miR-140-5p-overexpressing human synovial mesenchymal stem cells enhance cartilage tissue regeneration and prevent osteoarthritis of the knee in a rat model","volume":"7","author":"Tao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1002\/nano.202000286","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for organ development and cell-free therapy","volume":"2","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Select."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3724\/zdxbyxb-2022-0046","article-title":"Influencing factors of pulp-dentin complex regeneration and related biological strategies","volume":"51","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. (Med. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, S., Chen, H., and Gao, B. (2020). Potential therapeutic effects of exosomes in regenerative endodontics. Arch. Oral. Biol., 120.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2020.104946"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivica, A., Ghayor, C., Zehnder, M., Valdec, S., and Weber, F.E. (2020). Pulp-derived exosomes in a fibrin-based regenerative root filling material. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020491"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12353","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12353","article-title":"Schwann cells secrete extracellular vesicles to promote and maintain the proliferation and multipotency of hDPCs","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/03008207.2019.1694010","article-title":"Exosomes derived from lipopolysaccharide-preconditioned human dental pulp stem cells regulate Schwann cell migration and differentiation","volume":"62","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2019_339","article-title":"A novel virtue in stem cell research: Exosomes and their role in differentiation","volume":"1144","author":"Abdik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1278-x","article-title":"Lineage-specific exosomes promote the odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) through TGF\u03b21\/smads signaling pathway via transfer of microRNAs","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.06.006","article-title":"Controlled release of odontogenic exosomes from a biodegradable vehicle mediates dentinogenesis as a novel biomimetic pulp capping therapy","volume":"324","author":"Swanson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Control Release."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5816723","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5816723","article-title":"Exosomes derived from stem cells from the apical papilla promote dentine-pulp complex regeneration by inducing specific dentinogenesis","volume":"2020","author":"Zhuang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, B., Xian, X., Lin, X., Huang, L., Liang, A., Jiang, H., and Gong, Q. (2022). Hypoxia alters the proteome profile and enhances the angiogenic potential of dental pulp stem cell-derived exosomes. Biomolecules., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12040575"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.40918","article-title":"PDLSCs regulate angiogenesis of periodontal ligaments via VEGF transferred by exosomes in periodontitis","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2017.12.024","article-title":"Exosomes with highly angiogenic potential for possible use in pulp regeneration","volume":"44","author":"Xian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13074","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.13074","article-title":"SHED aggregate exosomes shuttled miR-26a promote angiogenesis in pulp regeneration via TGF-\u03b2\/SMAD2\/3 signalling","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.8.1671","article-title":"Fate of the mammalian cranial neural crest during tooth and mandibular morphogenesis","volume":"127","author":"Chai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731289","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1731289","article-title":"Potential roles of dental pulp stem cells in neural regeneration and repair","volume":"2018","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2174\/1566523218666180913152615","article-title":"Neuroprotection by human dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells: From billions to nano","volume":"18","author":"Venugopal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2018.0176","article-title":"Gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles activate schwann cell repair phenotype and promote nerve regeneration","volume":"25","author":"Mao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2014.07.013","article-title":"Exosomes from dental pulp stem cells rescue human dopaminergic neurons from 6-hydroxy-dopamine-induced apoptosis","volume":"17","author":"Tunaitis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.08.027","article-title":"Lineage-specific exosomes could override extracellular matrix mediated human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation","volume":"182","author":"Narayanan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910208100806","article-title":"Stem cell properties of human dental pulp stem cells","volume":"81","author":"Gronthos","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4248\/IJOS10015","article-title":"Multilineage differentiation of dental pulp stem cells from green fluorescent protein transgenic mice","volume":"2","author":"Grottkau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409347","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/409347","article-title":"In vivo experiments with dental pulp stem cells for pulp-dentin complex regeneration","volume":"2015","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1159\/000447055","article-title":"Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth: A growing literature","volume":"202","author":"Sasaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.06.151","article-title":"SHED promote angiogenesis in stem cell-mediated dental pulp regeneration","volume":"529","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, X., Yuan, Z., Wang, Y., Wan, Z., Wang, X., Yu, S., Han, J., Huang, J., Xiong, C., and Ge, L. (2022). Vascularized pulp regeneration via injecting simvastatin functionalized GelMA cryogel microspheres loaded with stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Mater. Today Bio., 13.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2022.100209"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vu, H.T., Han, M.-R., Lee, J.-H., Kim, J.-S., Shin, J.-S., Yoon, J.-Y., Park, J.-H., Dashnyam, K., Knowles, J.C., and Lee, H.-H. (2022). Investigating the effects of conditioned media from stem cells of human exfoliated deciduous teeth on dental pulp stem cells. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10040906"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sonoyama, W., Liu, Y., Fang, D., Yamaza, T., Seo, B.-M., Zhang, C., Liu, H., Gronthos, S., Wang, C.-Y., and Shi, S. (2006). Mesenchymal stem cell-mediated functional tooth regeneration in swine. PLoS ONE, 1.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000079"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1686","article-title":"Regeneration of dental pulp\/dentine complex with a three-dimensional and scaffold-free stem-cell sheet-derived pellet","volume":"10","author":"Na","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"159","article-title":"Advances in research on Hertwig\u2019s epithelial root sheath cells","volume":"43","author":"Bi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Kunming Med. Univ."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"101","article-title":"Conditioned media and exosomes from rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells enhance bone regeneration: A study in vitro","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Stomatol. Res. (Electron. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"157","article-title":"The effect of murine adipose-derived stem cells exosomes on hypoxia induced osteocytes apoptosis","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Stomatol. Res. (Electron. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-0356","article-title":"Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells attenuate adipose inflammation and obesity through polarizing M2 macrophages and beiging in white adipose tissue","volume":"67","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C., Bao, L., Lin, T., Lu, Y., and Wu, Y. (2020). Proliferation and odontogenic differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and human dental pulp cells co-cultured in hydrogel. Arch. Oral. Biol., 109.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2019.104582"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey344","article-title":"Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells accelerate growth of VK2 vaginal epithelial cells through MicroRNAs in vitro","volume":"34","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2018.0242","article-title":"Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells promote fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation in inflammatory environments and benefit cardioprotective effects","volume":"28","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549432","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/549432","article-title":"Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells: A new therapeutic option for tooth regeneration","volume":"2015","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520913242","article-title":"Cell-based regenerative endodontics for treatment of periapical lesions: A randomized, controlled phase I\/II clinical trial","volume":"99","author":"Brizuela","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6685307","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6685307","article-title":"Exosomes from LPS-stimulated hDPSCs activated the angiogenic potential of HUVECs in vitro","volume":"2021","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4683","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S420967","article-title":"Dental pulp stem cell-derived exosomes regulate anti-inflammatory and osteogenesis in periodontal ligament stem cells and promote the repair of experimental periodontitis in rats","volume":"18","author":"Qiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.10.003","article-title":"SHED-derived conditioned exosomes enhance the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs via Wnt and BMP signaling in vitro","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1096\/fba.2020-00025","article-title":"Three-dimensional culture of dental pulp pluripotent-like stem cells (DPPSCs) enhances Nanog expression and provides a serum-free condition for exosome isolation","volume":"2","author":"Faruqu","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB Bioadv."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Zhang, Q. (2019). The Study of Exosomes Derived from Aggregates of Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth on Dental Pulp Regeneration. [PhD Dissertation, Air Force Medical University]."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2023.102197","article-title":"Exosomes from hypoxia-conditioned apical papilla stem cells accelerate angiogenesis in vitro through Notch\/JAG1\/VEGF signaling","volume":"84","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tissue Cell."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3806","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0189-0","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced exosomes contribute to a more aggressive and chemoresistant ovarian cancer phenotype: A novel mechanism linking STAT3\/Rab proteins","volume":"37","author":"Dorayappan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.12.020","article-title":"Hypoxic mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote bone fracture healing by the transfer of miR-126","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, P., Qin, L., Liu, C., Mi, J., Zhang, Q., Wang, S., Zhuang, D., Xu, Q., Chen, W., and Guo, J. (2022). Exosomes derived from hypoxia-conditioned stem cells of human deciduous exfoliated teeth enhance angiogenesis via the transfer of let-7f-5p and miR-210-3p. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.879877"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2019.01.017","article-title":"Exosomes from hypoxia-treated human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells enhance angiogenesis through VEGF\/VEGF-R","volume":"109","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.08.002","article-title":"The role of HIF in immunity and inflammation","volume":"32","author":"McGettrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2618","article-title":"Hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha potentiates jagged 1-mediated angiogenesis by mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes","volume":"35","author":"Ciria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultras.2014.01.004","article-title":"Stimulation of bone repair with ultrasound: A review of the possible mechanic effects","volume":"54","author":"Padilla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasonics"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2012.31.4.623","article-title":"Overview of therapeutic ultrasound applications and safety considerations","volume":"31","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286900","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1286900","article-title":"Latest progress in low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for studying exosomes derived from stem\/progenitor cells","volume":"14","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2019.08.005","article-title":"LIPUS promotes FOXO1 accumulation by downregulating miR-182 to enhance osteogenic differentiation in hPDLCs","volume":"165","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, V., Carina, V., Conigliaro, A., Raimondi, L., De Luca, A., Bellavia, D., Salamanna, F., Setti, S., Alessandro, R., and Fini, M. (2019). MiR-31-5p is a LIPUS-mechanosensitive microRNA that targets HIF-1\u03b1 signaling and cytoskeletal proteins. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071569"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Zhong, Y., Zhou, W., Song, Y., Li, W., Jin, Q., Gao, T., Zhang, L., and Xie, M. (2023). Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) enhances the anti-inflammatory effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-derived extracellular vesicles. Cell Mol. Biol. Lett., 28.","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-023-00422-3"},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Zhu, M.Y. (2020). Effect and the Possible Mechanism of LIPUS-Stimulated Human Dental Follicle Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes on the Proliferation and Differentiation of hDFSCs. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Chongqing Medical University]."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2011.11.010","article-title":"Long term effect of low intensity pulsed ultrasound on a human tooth slice organ culture","volume":"57","author":"Doschak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Oral. Biol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.08.023","article-title":"Effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on a rat model of dentin-dental pulp injury and repair","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.09.006","article-title":"Effect of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound on the Expression of Calcium Ion Transport-Related Proteins during Tertiary Dentin For-mation","volume":"44","author":"Zuo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"57","article-title":"Application of low level lasers in dentistry (endodontic)","volume":"4","author":"Asnaashari","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e75","DOI":"10.34172\/jlms.2021.75","article-title":"Low-level laser irradiation promotes proliferation and differentiation on apical papilla stem cells","volume":"12","author":"Rouabhia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"095602","DOI":"10.1088\/1054-660X\/25\/9\/095602","article-title":"Effect of low-level diode laser on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells","volume":"25","author":"Tabatabaei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Laser Phys."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-017-2355-y","article-title":"Low-level laser irradiation induces in vitro proliferation of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth","volume":"33","author":"Ginani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-019-02874-4","article-title":"Biological effects of low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) on stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED)","volume":"24","author":"Paschalidou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Oral. Investig."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2015.4038","article-title":"Photobiomodulation of dental derived mesenchymal stem cells: A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Marques","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"e320","article-title":"The effects of low level laser irradiation on proliferation of human dental pulp: A narrative review","volume":"168","author":"Staffoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Ter."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-018-2637-z","article-title":"Short-term evaluation of photobiomodulation therapy on the proliferation and undifferentiated status of dental pulp stem cells","volume":"34","author":"Ferreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreira, M.S., Sarra, G., Carvalho, G.L., Gon\u00e7alves, F., Caballero-Flores, H.V., Pedroni, A.C.F., Lascala, C.A., Catalani, L.H., and Marques, M.M. (2021). Physical and biological properties of a chitosan hydrogel scaffold associated to photobiomodulation therapy for dental pulp regeneration: An in vitro and in vivo study. Biomed. Res. Int., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6684667"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2017.0045","article-title":"Exosome-like vesicles derived from adipose tissue provide biochemical cues for adipose tissue regeneration","volume":"23","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, J., Teo, K.Y.W., Zhang, S., Lai, R.C., Rosa, V., Tong, H.J., Duggal, M.S., Lim, S.K., and Toh, W.S. (2023). Mesenchymal stromal cell exosomes enhance dental pulp cell functions and promote pulp-dentin regeneration. Biomater. Biosyst., 11.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbiosy.2023.100078"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-023-03357-w","article-title":"Evaluating the efficacy of human dental pulp stem cells and scaffold combination for bone regeneration in animal models: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Namjoynik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mantha, S., Pillai, S., Khayambashi, P., Upadhyay, A., Zhang, Y., Tao, O., Pham, H.M., and Tran, S.D. (2019). Smart hydrogels in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12203323"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"58","article-title":"Present and future of tissue engineering scaffolds for dentin-pulp complex regeneration","volume":"13","author":"Moussa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6413","DOI":"10.1039\/D2BM01036D","article-title":"Hydrogels for the treatment of oral and maxillofacial diseases: Current research, challenges, and future directions","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.11.047","article-title":"Injectable decellularized dental pulp matrix-functionalized hydrogel microspheres for endodontic regeneration","volume":"156","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516682005","article-title":"GelMA-encapsulated hDPSCs and HUVECs for dental pulp regeneration","volume":"96","author":"Khayat","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-09602-0","article-title":"Applications of cellulose and chitin\/chitosan derivatives and composites as antibacterial materials: Current state and perspectives","volume":"103","author":"Khattak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"138","article-title":"Applicatoin of chitosan-based hydrogel in oral tissue engineering","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ. (Med. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30081","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b08449","article-title":"Enhanced therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes with an injectable hydrogel for hindlimb ischemia treatment","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"1113","article-title":"Chitosan hydrogel incorporated with dental pulp stem cell-derived exosomes alleviates periodontitis in mice via a macrophage-dependent mechanism","volume":"5","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1039\/C8SM02573H","article-title":"Recent advances of self-assembling peptide-based hydrogels for biomedical applications","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soft Matter."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v7.i4.728","article-title":"Structural properties of scaffolds: Crucial parameters towards stem cells differentiation","volume":"7","author":"Prabhakaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40204-014-0033-8","article-title":"Development of microspheres for biomedical applications: A review","volume":"4","author":"Hossain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.03.040","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of hydroxyapatite\/sodium alginate\/chitosan composite microspheres for drug delivery and bone tissue engineering","volume":"100","author":"Bi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2021.102475","article-title":"Current progress and prospects of organic nanoparticles against bacterial biofilm","volume":"294","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid. Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussein, H., and Kishen, A. (2020). Antibiofilm and immune response of engineered bioactive nanoparticles for endodontic disinfection. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030730"},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"77","article-title":"Proteomic profiling reveals engineered chitosan nanoparticles mediated cellular crosstalk and immunomodulation for therapeutic application in apical periodontitis","volume":"11","author":"Hussein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"16","article-title":"Progress in the diagnosis and treatment strategies of caries-derived dental pulp diseases","volume":"56","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2023.05.008","article-title":"Exosomes derived from odontogenic stem cells: Its role in the dentin-pulp complex","volume":"24","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Regen. Ther."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zar\u00e0, M., Amadio, P., Campodonico, J., Sandrini, L., and Barbieri, S.S. (2020). Exosomes in cardiovascular diseases. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10110943"},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"709","article-title":"Exosomes-based strategies for dental pulp regeneration","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi"}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/3\/330\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:11:52Z","timestamp":1760105512000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/3\/330"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["biom14030330"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom14030330","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]}}}