{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T05:05:08Z","timestamp":1780549508301,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007801","name":"Autonomous Community of Murcia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21925\/PI\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21925\/PI\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brain models present a viewpoint on the fundamental structural components of the brain and their mutual organization, generally relative to a particular concept of the brain axis. A model may be based on adult brain structure or on developmental morphogenetic aspects. Brain models usually have functional implications, depending on which functional properties derive from the postulated organization. This essay examines the present scenario about brain models, emphasizing the contrast between columnar or other longitudinal models and transverse subdivisional neuromeric models. In each case, the main functional implications and apparent problems are explored and commented. Particular attention is given to the modern molecularly based \u2018prosomeric model\u2019, which postulates a set of 20 transverse prosomeres as the developmental units that serve to construct all the cerebral parts and the particular typology of many different neuronal populations within the forebrain and the hindbrain, plus a number of additional spinal cord units. These metameric developmental units (serially repeated, but with unique molecular profiles) confer to this model remarkable functional properties based mainly on its multiplicity and modularity. Many important brain functions can be decomposed into subfunctions attended to by combined sets of neuronal elements derived from different neuromeres. Each neuromere may participate in multiple functions. Most aspects related to creation of precise order in neural connections (axonal navigation and synaptogenesis) and function is due to the influence of neuromeric anteroposterior and dorsoventral positional information. Research on neuromeric functionality aspects is increasing significantly in recent times.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14030331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T07:25:32Z","timestamp":1710141932000},"page":"331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Functional Implications of the Prosomeric Brain Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Luis","family":"Puelles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Human Anatomy and Psychobiology and IMIB-Arrixaca (Murcia Institute for Biomedical Research), University of Murcia, LAIB Building, Avenida Buenavista s\/n, El Palmar, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"A new mammalian brain ontology based on developmental gene expression","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Kaas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evolution of Nervous Systems"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"815","article-title":"Crypto-rhombomeres of the mouse medulla oblongata, defined by molecular and morphological features","volume":"221","author":"Aroca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24242","article-title":"Mouse Fgf8-Cre-LacZ lineage analysis defines the territory of the postnatal mammalian isthmus","volume":"525","author":"Watson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804042-3.00138-X","article-title":"Developmental gene expression redefines the mammalian brain stem","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Watson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evolution of Nervous Systems"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787913","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2021.787913","article-title":"Recollections on the Origins and Development of the Prosomeric Model","volume":"15","author":"Puelles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Clarke, E., and O\u2019Malley, C.D. (1995). A Historical Study Illustrated by Writings from Antiquity to the Twentieth Century, Norman Publishing. [2nd ed.]. Revised and Enlarged (1st Edit in 1968)."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Meyer, A. (1971). Historical Aspects of Cerebral Anatomy, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1889.sp000299","article-title":"On the Relation between the Structure, Function, Distribution and Origin of the Cranial Nerves; together with a Theory of the Origin of the Nervous System of Vertebrata","volume":"10","author":"Gaskell","year":"1889","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.910120103","article-title":"An attempt to define the primitive functional divisions of the central nervous system","volume":"12","author":"Johnston","year":"1902","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.910130404","article-title":"The doctrine of nerve components and some of its applications","volume":"13","author":"Herrick","year":"1903","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.920200502","article-title":"The morphology of the forebrain in amphibia and reptilia","volume":"20","author":"Herrick","year":"1910","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1159\/000460237","article-title":"Principles of Current Vertebrate Neuromorphology","volume":"90","author":"Nieuwenhuys","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Evol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Kuhlenbeck, H. (1927). Eine Einf\u00fchrung in die Gehirnanatomie auf Vergleichender Grundlage, Gustav Fischer Verlag."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Kuhlenbeck, H. (1973). The Central Nervous System of Vertebrates, S. Karger. Part II: Overall Morphological Pattern."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901000308","article-title":"Notes on the early histogenesis and morphogenesis of the central nervous system in vertebrates","volume":"100","author":"Bergquist","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubenstein, J.L.R., and Rakic, P. (2013). Comprehensive Developmental Neuroscience: Patterning and Cell Type Specifi-cation in the Developing CNS and PNS, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-397265-1.09995-0"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.06.004","article-title":"A developmental ontology for the mammalian brain based on the prosomeric model","volume":"36","author":"Puelles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2015.00027","article-title":"A new scenario of hypothalamic organization: Rationale of new hypotheses introduced in the updated prosomeric model","volume":"9","author":"Puelles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieuwenhuys, R., and Puelles, L. (2016). Towards a New Neuromorphology, Springer Science and Business Media LLC.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25693-1"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.170279LP","article-title":"Developmental studies of avian brain organization","volume":"62","author":"Puelles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herrick, C.J. (1924). Neurological Foundations of Animal Behavior, Biodiversity Heritage Library.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.82137"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Herrick, C.J. (1926). Brains of Rats and Men, University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Herrick, C.J. (1931). An Introduction to Neurology, Saunders. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Herrick, C.J. (1932). The Thinking Machine, University of Chicago Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herrick, C.J. (1948). The Brain of the Tiger Salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, University of Chicago Press.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.6375"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Herrick, C.J. (1949). George Elliott Coghill, Naturalist and Philosopher, University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Herrick, C.J. (1956). The Evolution of Human Nature, University of Texas Press."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnston, J.B. (1908). The Nervous System of Vertebrates, John Murray.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.17810"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swanson, L.W. (2012). Brain Architecture. Understanding the Basic Plan, Oxford University Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780195378580.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-022-02461-6","article-title":"Prosomeric classification of retinorecipient centers: A new causal scenario","volume":"227","author":"Puelles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Puelles, L., Martinez-de-la-Torre, M., Martinez, S., Watson, C., and Paxinos, G. (2019). The Chick Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates and Alternate Stains, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"173","article-title":"Vorschl\u00e4ge zur Eintheilung des Gehirns","volume":"1893","author":"His","year":"1893","journal-title":"Arch. Anat. EntwicklGesch"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"155","article-title":"Die Anatomische Nomenclatur, Nomina Anatomica","volume":"1895","author":"His","year":"1895","journal-title":"Neurol. Suppl. Bd. Arch. Anat. Entwickl-Gesch"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"His, W. (1904). Die Entwicklung des Menschliches Gehirns w\u00e4hrend der Ersten Monaten, Hirzel.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.46156"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050010204","article-title":"Contribution to the embryology of the lizard, with special reference to the central nervous system and some organs of the head, together with observations on the origin of vertebrates","volume":"1","author":"Orr","year":"1887","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hertwig, O. (1906). Handbuch der Vergleichenden und Experimentellen Entwicklungslehere der Wirbeltiere, Gustav Fischer. Bd. 2, Teil 3.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.3929"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hertwig, O. (1906). Handbuch der Vergleichenden und Experi-mentellen Entwicklungslehere der Wirbeltiere, Gustav Fischer. Bd. 2, Teil 3.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.3929"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9861(20001127)427:4<522::AID-CNE3>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Rostrocaudal nuclear relationships in the avian medulla oblongata: A fate map with quail chick chimeras","volume":"427","author":"Cambronero","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2008.08.017","article-title":"Hox gene colinear expression in the avian medulla oblongata is correlated with pseu-dorhombomeric domains","volume":"323","author":"Aroca","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2019.00059","article-title":"Patterned vascularization of embryonic mouse forebrain, and neuromeric topology of major human subarachnoidal arterial branches: A prosomeric mapping","volume":"13","author":"Puelles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1159\/000524216","article-title":"Neurogenetic heterochrony in chick, lizard, and rat mapped with wholemount acetylcholinesterase and the prosomeric model","volume":"97","author":"Amat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain, Behav. Evol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-017-1416-0","article-title":"Nuclear derivatives and axonal projections originating from rhombomere 4 in the mouse hindbrain","volume":"222","author":"Studer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Sherrington, C. (1906). The Integrative Action of the Nervous System, Cambridge University Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241573","DOI":"10.3389\/fmamm.2023.1241573","article-title":"Expansion modes of primate nervous system structures in the light of the prosomeric model","volume":"2","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mammal Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6395.1921.tb00464.x","article-title":"Embryological and morphological studies on the mid-brain and cerebellum of vertebrates","volume":"2","author":"Palmgren","year":"1921","journal-title":"Acta Zool."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6395.1924.tb00169.x","article-title":"Embryologische und morphologische Studien \u00fcber das Zwischenhirn beim Huhn","volume":"5","author":"Rendahl","year":"1924","journal-title":"Acta Zool."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"3","article-title":"The segmentation of the primitive neural tube in chick embryos (Gallus domesticus): A morphological, histochemical and autoradiographical investigation","volume":"41","author":"Vaage","year":"1969","journal-title":"Ergebn. Anat. EntwGesch."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"283","article-title":"The histogenesis of the isthmic nuclei in chick embryos (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"142","author":"Vaage","year":"1973","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1","article-title":"The development of the diencephalon of the Chinese hamster: An investigation of the validity of the criteria of subdivision of the brain","volume":"83","author":"Keyser","year":"1972","journal-title":"Acta Anat."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gribnau, A.A.M., and Geijsberts, L.G.M. (1985). Morphogenesis of the Brain in Staged Rhesus Monkey Embryos, Springer Science and Business Media LLC.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69953-5"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902660210","article-title":"Segment-related, mosaic neurogenetic pattern in the forebrain and mesen-cephalon of early chick embryos. I. Topography of AChE-positive neuroblasts up to stage HH18","volume":"266","author":"Puelles","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(93)90080-6","article-title":"Expression patterns of homeobox and other putative regulatory genes in the embryonic mouse forebrain suggest a neuromeric organization","volume":"16","author":"Puelles","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(03)00234-0","article-title":"Forebrain gene expression domains and the evolving prosomeric model","volume":"26","author":"Puelles","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06812-z","article-title":"A high-resolution transcriptomic and spatial atlas of cell types in the whole mouse brain","volume":"624","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.051508.135409","article-title":"Neural mechanisms for interacting with a world full of action choices","volume":"33","author":"Cisek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-019-01760-1","article-title":"Resynthesizing behavior through phylogenetic refinement","volume":"81","author":"Cisek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Attention, Perception, Psychophys."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Alexander, P.A. (1992). The Making of a Fly: The Genetics of Animal Design, Blackwell Scientific Publications."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaufman, S.A. (1993). The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195079517.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Davidson, E.H. (2001). Development and Evolution, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidson, E.H. (2006). Gene Regulatory Networks in Development and Evolution, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012088563-3.50022-5"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albuixech-Crespo, B., Blanch, L.L., Burguera, D., Maeso, I., S\u00e1nchez-Arrones, L., Moreno-Bravo, J.A., Somorjai, I., Pascual-Anaya, J., Puelles, E., and Bovolenta, P. (2017). Molecular regionalization of the developing amphioxus neural tube challenges major partitions of the vertebrate brain. PLoS Biol., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2001573"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3155","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-07-03155.1993","article-title":"Spatially restricted expression of Dlx-1, Dlx-2 (Tes-1), Gbx-2, and Wnt-3 in the embryonic day 12.5 mouse forebrain defines potential transverse and longitudinal segmental boundaries","volume":"13","author":"Bulfone","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7939711","article-title":"The Embryonic Vertebrate Forebrain: The Prosomeric Model","volume":"266","author":"Rubenstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2020.607111","article-title":"Developmental genes and malformations in the hypothalamus","volume":"14","author":"Diaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watson, C., Paxinos, G., and Puelles, L. (2012). The Mouse Nervous System, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-369497-3.10021-4"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shepherd, S.V. (2017). Handbook of Evolutionary Neuroscience, Blackwell-Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118316757"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.05.033","article-title":"A high resolution spatiotemporal atlas of gene expression of the C57Bl\/6J developing mouse brain","volume":"83","author":"Thompson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watson, C., Paxinos, G., and Puelles, L. (2012). The Mouse Nervous System, Elsevier. Chapter 1.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-369497-3.10021-4"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kronman, F.A., Liwang, J.K., Betty, R., Vanselow, D.J., Wu, Y.-T., Tustison, N.J., Bhandiwad, A., Manjila, S.B., Minteer, J.A., and Shin, D. (2024). Developmental mouse brain common coordinate framework. BioRchiV, submitted.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.09.14.557789"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22115","article-title":"Genoarchitectonic profile of developing nuclear groups in the chicken pretectum","volume":"517","author":"Sandoval","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24952","article-title":"LacZ-reporter mapping of Dlx5\/6 expression and genoarchitectural analysis of the postnatal mouse prethalamus","volume":"529","author":"Puelles","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Paxinos, G., and Franklin, K.B.J. (2013). The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Elsevier. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.10014","article-title":"Modularity in CNS development","volume":"23","author":"Redies","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10528","article-title":"The relationship between hodological and cytoarchitectonic organization in the vestibular complex of the 11-day chicken embryo","volume":"457","author":"Glover","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiener, S.I., and Taube, J.S. (2005). Head Direction Cells and the Neural Mechanisms of Spatial Orientation, MIT Press. A Bradford Book.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3447.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Mizumori, S.J.Y. (2008). Relevance to Learning and Memory, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Reiner, A., and Smeets, W.J.A.J. (1994). Phylogeny and Development of Catecholamine Systems in the CNS of Vertebrates, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-012-0456-8","article-title":"Development of the serotonergic cells in murine raphe nuclei and their relations with rhombomeric domains","volume":"218","author":"Alonso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2011.09.032","article-title":"Multiple origins, migratory paths and molecular profiles of cells populating the avian interpeduncular nucleus","volume":"361","author":"Puelles","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/3\/331\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:11:58Z","timestamp":1760105518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/3\/331"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["biom14030331"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom14030331","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]}}}