{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:33:45Z","timestamp":1787027625706,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,17]],"date-time":"2024-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["21H02384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21H02384"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["20H05373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20H05373"]}]},{"name":"Center for Diversity, Equity &amp; Inclusion, Azabu University","award":["21H02384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21H02384"]}]},{"name":"Center for Diversity, Equity &amp; Inclusion, Azabu University","award":["20H05373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20H05373"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During mammalian fertilization, repetitive intracellular Ca2+ increases known as Ca2+ oscillations occur. These oscillations are considered crucial for successful fertilization and subsequent embryonic development. Numerous researchers have endeavored to elucidate the factors responsible for inducing Ca2+ oscillations across various mammalian species. Notably, sperm-specific phospholipase C zeta (PLC\u03b6) emerged as a prominent candidate capable of initiating Ca2+ oscillations, particularly in mammals. Genetic mutation of PLC\u03b6 in humans results in the absence of Ca2+ oscillations in mouse oocytes. Recent studies further underscored PLC\u03b6\u2019s significance, revealing that sperm from PLC\u03b6-deficient (Plcz1\u2212\/\u2212) mice fail to induce Ca2+ oscillations upon intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Despite these findings, observations from in vitro fertilization (IVF) experiments using Plcz1\u2212\/\u2212 sperm revealed some residual intracellular Ca2+ increases and successful oocyte activation, hinting at potential alternative mechanisms. In this review, we introduced the current hypothesis surrounding oocyte activation in mammals, informed by contemporary literature, and probed into the enigmatic mechanisms underlying mammalian fertilization-induced oocyte activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14030359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T05:14:07Z","timestamp":1710738847000},"page":"359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Molecular Mechanism of Oocyte Activation in Mammals: Past, Present, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hibiki","family":"Sugita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Takarabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsuko","family":"Kageyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yui","family":"Kawata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9398-7358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junya","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zafar, M.I., Lu, S., and Li, H. 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