{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:34:27Z","timestamp":1790300067003,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81991502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81991502"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFH0100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFH0100"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFS0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFS0003"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZYYC21012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYYC21012"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CIFMS, 2019-I2M-5-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIFMS, 2019-I2M-5-004"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","award":["81991502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81991502"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","award":["2022YFH0100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFH0100"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","award":["2022YFS0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFS0003"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","award":["ZYYC21012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYYC21012"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","award":["CIFMS, 2019-I2M-5-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIFMS, 2019-I2M-5-004"]}]},{"name":"1\u00b73\u00b75 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","award":["81991502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81991502"]}]},{"name":"1\u00b73\u00b75 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","award":["2022YFH0100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFH0100"]}]},{"name":"1\u00b73\u00b75 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","award":["2022YFS0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFS0003"]}]},{"name":"1\u00b73\u00b75 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","award":["ZYYC21012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYYC21012"]}]},{"name":"1\u00b73\u00b75 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University","award":["CIFMS, 2019-I2M-5-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIFMS, 2019-I2M-5-004"]}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["81991502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81991502"]}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["2022YFH0100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFH0100"]}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["2022YFS0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFS0003"]}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["ZYYC21012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYYC21012"]}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["CIFMS, 2019-I2M-5-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIFMS, 2019-I2M-5-004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In pulpitis, dentinal restorative processes are considerably associated with undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in the pulp. This study aimed to investigate strategies to improve the odonto\/osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in an inflammatory environment. After pretreatment of DPSCs with 20 ng\/mL tumor necrosis factor-induced protein-6 (TSG-6), DPSCs were cultured in an inflammation-inducing solution. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were performed to measure the expression levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB) and odonto\/osteogenic differentiation markers, respectively. Cell Counting Kit-8 and 5-ethynyl-2\u2032-deoxyuridine assays were used to assess cell proliferation and activity. Subcutaneous ectopic osteogenesis and mandibular bone cultures were performed to assess the effects of TSG-6 in vivo. The expression levels of odonto\/osteogenic markers were higher in TSG-6-pre-treated DPSCs than nontreated DPSCs, whereas NF-\u03baB-related proteins were lower after the induction of inflammation. An anti-CD44 antibody counteracted the rescue effect of TSG-6 on DPSC activity and mineralization in an inflammatory environment. Exogenous administration of TSG-6 enhanced the anti-inflammatory properties of DPSCs and partially restored their mineralization function by inhibiting NF-\u03baB signaling. The mechanism of action of TSG-6 was attributed to its interaction with CD44. These findings reveal novel mechanisms by which DPSCs counter inflammation and provide a basis for the treatment of pulpitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14030368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T09:39:31Z","timestamp":1710841171000},"page":"368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["TSG-6 Inhibits the NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway and Promotes the Odontogenic Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells via CD44 in an Inflammatory Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningning","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dunfang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(06)71013-0","article-title":"Teeth: Malignant neoplasms in the dental pulp?","volume":"8","author":"Neuhaus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay1514","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay1514","article-title":"Regeneration of pulpo-dentinal-like complex by a group of unique multipotent CD24a stem cells","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, F., Huang, H., Wang, M., Rong, W., and Wang, J. (2022). Applications of Antioxidants in Dental Procedures. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122492"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2023.102750","article-title":"Root canal treatment planning by automatic tooth and root canal segmentation in dental CBCT with deep multi-task feature learning","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2200179","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202200179","article-title":"Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles with Intramolecular Motion-Induced Photothermy for Tumor Phototheranostics and Tooth Root Canal Therapy","volume":"34","author":"Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13536","article-title":"Glial origin of mesenchymal stem cells in a tooth model system","volume":"513","author":"Kaukua","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaf3227","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf3227","article-title":"Deciduous autologous tooth stem cells regenerate dental pulp after implantation into injured teeth","volume":"10","author":"Xuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2012.11","article-title":"Neural crest stem cells: Discovery, properties and potential for therapy","volume":"22","author":"Achilleos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1002\/term.3032","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma counteracts detrimental effect of high-glucose concentrations on mesenchymal stem cells from Bichat fat pad","volume":"14","author":"Lecce","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Irfan, M., Hossain, M., George, A., and Chung, S. (2023). BDNF\/TrkB Is a Crucial Regulator in the Inflammation-Mediated Odontoblastic Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12141851"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-019-0368-6","article-title":"Parenchymal and stromal tissue regeneration of tooth organ by pivotal signals reinstated in decellularized matrix","volume":"18","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-02744-z","article-title":"Melatonin enhances osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells by regulating MAPK pathways and promotes the efficiency of bone regeneration in calvarial bone defects","volume":"13","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01995-y","article-title":"Role of macrophage-mediated Toll-like receptor 4-interleukin-1R signaling in ectopic tongue pain associated with tooth pulp inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Kanno","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24732","article-title":"LPS promote the odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells via MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"230","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2011.211","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells (MSCs): Role as guardians of inflammation","volume":"20","author":"Prockop","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2009.05.003","article-title":"Intravenous hMSCs improve myocardial infarction in mice because cells embolized in lung are activated to secrete the anti-inflammatory protein TSG-6","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7462945","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7462945","article-title":"TSG-6 Downregulates IFN-Alpha and TNF-Alpha Expression by Suppressing IRF7 Phosphorylation in Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells","volume":"2017","author":"Kui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-12-327353","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory protein TSG-6 secreted by activated MSCs attenuates zymosan-induced mouse peritonitis by decreasing TLR2\/NF-\u03baB signaling in resident macrophages","volume":"118","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-017-0006-2","article-title":"Kynurenic acid, an IDO metabolite, controls TSG-6-mediated immunosuppression of human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20655","article-title":"Enhanced neutrophil extravasation and rapid progression of proteoglycan-induced arthritis in TSG-6-knockout mice","volume":"50","author":"Glant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11176","article-title":"TSG-6 Is Weakly Chondroprotective in Murine OA but Does not Account for FGF2-Mediated Joint Protection","volume":"2","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2018.01.011","article-title":"TSG-6: A multifunctional protein with anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective properties","volume":"78","author":"Day","year":"2019","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-017-2581-4","article-title":"TSG-6 secreted by mesenchymal stem cells suppresses immune reactions influenced by BMP-2 through p38 and MEK mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway","volume":"368","author":"Um","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25952","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M802138200","article-title":"TSG-6 regulates bone remodeling through inhibition of osteoblastogenesis and osteoclast activation","volume":"283","author":"Mahoney","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Aprecio, R., Zhou, X., Wang, Q., Zhang, W., Ding, Y., and Li, Y. (2014). Therapeutic effect of TSG-6 engineered iPSC-derived MSCs on experimental periodontitis in rats: A pilot study. PLOS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100285"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.05.010","article-title":"The effect of culture conditions on the adipogenic and osteogenic inductions of mesenchymal stem cells on micropatterned surfaces","volume":"33","author":"Peng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.11.074","article-title":"Tooth root regeneration using dental follicle cell sheets in combination with a dentin matrix\u2014Based scaffold","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0928-8","article-title":"The establishment of a chemically defined serum-free culture system for human dental pulp stem cells","volume":"9","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2019.05.016","article-title":"Treated dentin matrix particles combined with dental follicle cell sheet stimulate periodontal regeneration","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, J., Park, S., Seo, E., Jang, I., Park, Y., Lee, D., Kim, D., and Kim, J. (2023). Functional expression of oxytocin receptors in pulp-dentin complex. Biomaterials, 293.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121977"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100747","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202100747","article-title":"Landscape of Cell Communication in Human Dental Pulp","volume":"5","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(84)90049-8","article-title":"A method for testing the toxicity of temporary crown and bridge materials","volume":"5","author":"Browne","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-017-0001-6","article-title":"DNA methylation profile is associated with the osteogenic potential of three distinct human odontogenic stem cells","volume":"3","author":"Ai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7821","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c20848","article-title":"Injectable Double-Network Hydrogel-Based Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Systems for Regenerating Dental Pulp","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2022.05.006","article-title":"Apoptotic vesicles activate autophagy in recipient cells to induce angiogenesis and dental pulp regeneration","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4698","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29348","article-title":"YAP1 inhibits the induction of TNF-\u03b1-stimulated bone-resorbing mediators by suppressing the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway in MC3T3-E1 cells","volume":"235","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.12.012","article-title":"The Link module of human TSG-6 (Link_TSG6) promotes wound healing, suppresses inflammation and improves glandular function in mouse models of Dry Eye Disease","volume":"24","author":"Oh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Kim, J., Lee, C., Oh, D., Han, J., Kim, T., Kim, S., Seo, Y., Oh, S., and Jung, Y. (2019). Tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 reprograms hepatic stellate cells into stem-like cells, which ameliorates liver damage in mouse. Biomaterials, 219.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119375"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2014.10.028","article-title":"Topographical cues regulate the crosstalk between MSCs and macrophages","volume":"37","author":"Bensiamar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-03178-3","article-title":"TNF\u03b1 and IFN\u03b3 rapidly activate PI3K-AKT signaling to drive glycolysis that confers mesenchymal stem cells enhanced anti-inflammatory property","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064565","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.1064565","article-title":"Abnormal expression of TSG-6 disturbs extracellular matrix homeostasis in chondrocytes from endemic osteoarthritis","volume":"13","author":"Ning","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632513","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.632513","article-title":"Kynurenic Acid Analog Attenuates the Production of Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1, Calgranulins (S100A 8\/9 and S100A 12), and the Secretion of HNP1-3 and Stimulates the Production of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Stimulated Gene-6 in Whole Blood Cultures of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"12","author":"Balog","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80151-8","article-title":"Solution structure of the link module: A hyaluronan-binding domain involved in extracellular matrix stability and cell migration","volume":"86","author":"Kohda","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13789","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.670521","article-title":"Tumor Necrosis Factor-stimulated Gene 6 (TSG-6)-mediated Interactions with the Inter-\u03b1-inhibitor Heavy Chain 5 Facilitate Tumor Growth Factor \u03b21 (TGF\u03b21)-dependent Fibroblast to Myofibroblast Differentiation","volume":"291","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-022-01071-3","article-title":"HSP90\u03b2 promotes osteoclastogenesis by dual-activation of cholesterol synthesis and NF-\u03baB signaling","volume":"30","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108757","article-title":"All-trans retinoic acid inhibits the osteogenesis of periodontal ligament stem cells by promoting IL-1\u03b2 production via NF-\u03baB signaling","volume":"108","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/3\/368\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:16:01Z","timestamp":1760105761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/3\/368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["biom14030368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom14030368","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]}}}