{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T17:58:19Z","timestamp":1788631099892,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vicerrector\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n, Innovaci\u00f3n y Creaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Santiago de Chile","award":["022143BA_POSTDOC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["022143BA_POSTDOC"]}]},{"name":"Vicerrector\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n, Innovaci\u00f3n y Creaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Santiago de Chile","award":["ANID CONICYT PCI NSFC190024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID CONICYT PCI NSFC190024"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Cultural Biociencia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["022143BA_POSTDOC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["022143BA_POSTDOC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Cultural Biociencia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANID CONICYT PCI NSFC190024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID CONICYT PCI NSFC190024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Laccases are industrially relevant enzymes that have gained great biotechnological importance. To date, most are of fungal and mesophilic origin; however, enzymes from extremophiles possess an even greater potential to withstand industrial conditions. In this study, we evaluate the potential of a recombinant spore-coat laccase from the thermoalkaliphilic bacterium Bacillus sp. FNT (FNTL) to biodegrade antibiotics from the tetracycline, \u03b2-lactams, and fluoroquinolone families. This extremozyme was previously characterized as being thermostable and highly active in a wide range of temperatures (20\u201390 \u00b0C) and very versatile towards several structurally different substrates, including recalcitrant environmental pollutants such as PAHs and synthetic dyes. First, molecular docking analyses were employed for initial ligand affinity screening in the modeled active site of FNTL. Then, the in silico findings were experimentally tested with four highly consumed antibiotics, representatives of each family: tetracycline, oxytetracycline, amoxicillin, and ciprofloxacin. HPLC results indicate that FNTL with help of the natural redox mediator acetosyringone, can efficiently biodegrade 91, 90, and 82% of tetracycline (0.5 mg mL\u22121) in 24 h at 40, 30, and 20 \u00b0C, respectively, with no apparent ecotoxicity of the products on E. coli and B. subtilis. These results complement our previous studies, highlighting the potential of this extremozyme for application in wastewater bioremediation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14030369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T05:04:12Z","timestamp":1710911052000},"page":"369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Evaluation of Antibiotic Biodegradation by a Versatile and Highly Active Recombinant Laccase from the Thermoalkaliphilic Bacterium Bacillus sp. FNT"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"S\u00e1nchez-SanMart\u00edn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Biociencia, Jos\u00e9 Domingo Ca\u00f1as 2280, Santiago 7750132, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4743-0924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n L.","family":"M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Biociencia, Jos\u00e9 Domingo Ca\u00f1as 2280, Santiago 7750132, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giannina","family":"Espina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Biociencia, Jos\u00e9 Domingo Ca\u00f1as 2280, Santiago 7750132, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Cort\u00e9s-Antiquera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Santiago 9170022, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junsong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Green Chemical Engineering Technology R&D Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 99, Shanghai 201210, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny M.","family":"Blamey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Alameda 3363, Santiago 9170022, Chile"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Biociencia, Jos\u00e9 Domingo Ca\u00f1as 2280, Santiago 7750132, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141990","article-title":"Treatment Technologies for Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater Treatment Plants: A Review","volume":"753","author":"Rout","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2010.05.006","article-title":"Global Water Crisis and Future Food Security in an Era of Climate Change","volume":"35","author":"Hanjra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2113(07)95001-4","article-title":"The Emerging Global Water Crisis: Managing Scarcity and Conflict Between Water Users","volume":"Volume 95","author":"Jury","year":"2007","journal-title":"Advances in Agronomy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.07.011","article-title":"Industrial Water Pollution, Water Environment Treatment, and Health Risks in China","volume":"218","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.10.008","article-title":"Antibiotics: Past, Present and Future","volume":"51","author":"Hutchings","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s13765-012-2220-4","article-title":"Fate, Occurrence, and Toxicity of Veterinary Antibiotics in Environment","volume":"55","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2016.10.001","article-title":"History of Antimicrobial Drug Discovery: Major Classes and Health Impact","volume":"133","author":"Aminov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., You, S., Zhang, J., Qi, W., Su, R., and He, Z. (2020). An Effective In-Situ Method for Laccase Immobilization: Excellent Activity, Effective Antibiotic Removal Rate and Low Potential Ecological Risk for Degradation Products. Bioresour. Technol., 308.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.123271"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126351","article-title":"Occurrence and Toxicity of Antibiotics in the Aquatic Environment: A Review","volume":"251","author":"Kovalakova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1717295115","article-title":"Global Increase and Geographic Convergence in Antibiotic Consumption between 2000 and 2015","volume":"115","author":"Klein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3109\/03009734.2014.896438","article-title":"Antibiotics in the Environment","volume":"119","author":"Larsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Upsala J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1039\/c0em00068j","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Effluent Matrices: A Survey of Transformation and Removal during Wastewater Treatment and Implications for Wastewater Management","volume":"12","author":"Oulton","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2017.02.006","article-title":"Ecological Effects of Antibiotics on Natural Ecosystems: A Review","volume":"136","author":"Grenni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"28564","article-title":"Environmental Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Correlation to Anthropogenic Contamination with Antibiotics","volume":"5","author":"Berglund","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Ecol. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4992","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3662-5","article-title":"Toxicities of 48 Pharmaceuticals and Their Freshwater and Marine Environmental Assessment in Northwestern France","volume":"23","author":"Minguez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wsee.2023.06.001","article-title":"Growth Regulatory Pattern of Zooplankton in Herbicide and Antibiotic Contaminated Aquatic Ecosystem: An Overview","volume":"5","author":"Islam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Watershed Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.07.085","article-title":"Effects of Chronic Exposure to Cefadroxil and Cefradine on Daphnia Magna and Oryzias Latipes","volume":"185","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.12.065","article-title":"Antibiotics Bioremediation: Perspectives on Its Ecotoxicity and Resistance","volume":"124","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105923","article-title":"Emergent Crisis of Antibiotic Resistance: A Silent Pandemic Threat to 21st Century","volume":"174","author":"Akram","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.09.005","article-title":"Antibiotic-Resistance Genes in Waste Water","volume":"26","author":"Karkman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.08.229","article-title":"Behavior of Antibiotic Resistance Genes under Extremely High-Level Antibiotic Selection Pressures in Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatment Plants","volume":"612","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.10.006","article-title":"Role of Wastewater Treatment Plants on Environmental Abundance of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Chilean Rivers","volume":"223","author":"Bueno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fresia, P., Antelo, V., Salazar, C., Gim\u00e9nez, M., D\u2019Alessandro, B., Afshinnekoo, E., Mason, C., Gonnet, G.H., and Iraola, G. (2019). Urban Metagenomics Uncover Antibiotic Resistance Reservoirs in Coastal Beach and Sewage Waters. Microbiome, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0648-z"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34220","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-4008-5","article-title":"Water Pollution and Observation of Acquired Antibiotic Resistance in Bayou Lafourche, a Major Drinking Water Source in Southeast Louisiana, USA","volume":"26","author":"Bird","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115147","article-title":"Antibiotics in Soil and Water in China\u2014A Systematic Review and Source Analysis","volume":"266","author":"Lyu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1897\/09-073.1","article-title":"Contamination of Surface, Ground, and Drinking Water from Pharmaceutical Production","volume":"28","author":"Fick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2017.12.0493","article-title":"Seasonal Changes in Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Rivers and Reservoirs in South Korea","volume":"47","author":"Son","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.2175\/106143016X14609975746604","article-title":"Occurrence of Antibiotics in Surface and Groundwater of a Drinking Water Catchment Area in Germany","volume":"88","author":"Burke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124729","article-title":"Antibiotics and Antidepressants Occurrence in Surface Waters and Sediments Collected in the North of Portugal","volume":"239","author":"Fernandes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.07.027","article-title":"Occurrence of Antibiotics and Bacterial Resistance in Wastewater and Sea Water from the Antarctic","volume":"363","author":"Ferrer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.04.106","article-title":"Treatment Technologies for Emerging Contaminants in Water: A Review","volume":"323","author":"Goonetilleke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lichtfouse, E., Muthu, S.S., and Khadir, A. (2022). Inorganic-Organic Composites for Water and Wastewater Treatment, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-5916-4"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.1276","article-title":"Bioremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Current Knowledge and Future Directions","volume":"80","author":"Bamforth","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.113922","article-title":"Biotransformation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by Pseudomonas sp. TNT3 Isolated from Deception Island, Antarctica","volume":"262","author":"Cabrera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabrera, M.\u00c1., M\u00e1rquez, S.L., and P\u00e9rez-Donoso, J.M. (2022). Comparative Genomic Analysis of Antarctic Pseudomonas Isolates with 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Transformation Capabilities Reveals Their Unique Features for Xenobiotics Degradation. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13081354"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17256","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-32298-x","article-title":"New Insights into Xenobiotic Tolerance of Antarctic Bacteria: Transcriptomic Analysis of Pseudomonas Sp. TNT3 during 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Biotransformation","volume":"31","author":"Cabrera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.12.075","article-title":"Contemporary Enzyme Based Technologies for Bioremediation: A Review","volume":"210","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805187","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/805187","article-title":"Role of Microbial Enzymes in the Bioremediation of Pollutants: A Review","volume":"2011","author":"Karigar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Enzym. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.11.060","article-title":"Removal of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Water and Wastewater Using Fungal Oxidoreductase Enzymes","volume":"234","author":"Naghdi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., Li, W., Ng, T.B., Deng, X., Lin, J., and Ye, X. (2017). Laccases: Production, Expression Regulation, and Applications in Pharmaceutical Biodegradation. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00832"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.2478\/s11756-019-00414-9","article-title":"Microbial Laccase: A Robust Enzyme and Its Industrial Applications","volume":"75","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2006.03.006","article-title":"Laccases: Blue Enzymes for Green Chemistry","volume":"24","author":"Riva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12422","article-title":"Laccase: A Multi-purpose Biocatalyst at the Forefront of Biotechnology","volume":"10","author":"Mate","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1134\/S0003683807050055","article-title":"Laccase-Mediator Systems and Their Applications: A Review","volume":"43","author":"Morozova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170498","article-title":"Harnessing the Power of Bacterial Laccases for Xenobiotic Degradation in Water: A 10-Year Overview","volume":"918","author":"Ullah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Unuofin, J.O., Falade, A.O., and Aladekoyi, O.J. (2020). Bioremediation for Environmental Sustainability: Toxicity, Mechanisms of Contaminants Degradation, Detoxification and Challenges, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-019-1248-0","article-title":"Laccases: Structure, Function, and Potential Application in Water Bioremediation","volume":"18","author":"Arregui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138916","article-title":"Elimination of Tetracyclines in Seawater by Laccase-Mediator System","volume":"333","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2023.2197074","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of SilA-Laccase Mediated Degradation of Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin and Ofloxacin and Interpretation of the Possible Catalytic Mechanism","volume":"42","author":"Bhatt","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.123","article-title":"A Novel and Highly Active Recombinant Spore-Coat Bacterial Laccase, Able to Rapidly Biodecolorize Azo, Triarylmethane and Anthraquinonic Dyestuffs","volume":"170","author":"Espina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bueno-Nieto, C., Cort\u00e9s-Antiquera, R., Espina, G., Atalah, J., Villanueva, J., Aliaga, C., Zu\u00f1iga, G.E., and Blamey, J.M. (2023). Biochemical and Spectroscopic Characterization of a Recombinant Laccase from Thermoalkaliphilic Bacillus sp. FNT with Potential for Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Catalysts, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal13040763"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W296","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky427","article-title":"SWISS-MODEL: Homology Modelling of Protein Structures and Complexes","volume":"46","author":"Waterhouse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.softx.2015.06.001","article-title":"GROMACS: High Performance Molecular Simulations through Multi-Level Parallelism from Laptops to Supercomputers","volume":"1\u20132","author":"Abraham","year":"2015","journal-title":"SoftwareX"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W522","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm276","article-title":"PDB2PQR: Expanding and Upgrading Automated Preparation of Biomolecular Structures for Molecular Simulations","volume":"35","author":"Dolinsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1021\/ct100578z","article-title":"PROPKA3: Consistent Treatment of Internal and Surface Residues in Empirical pKa Predictions","volume":"7","author":"Olsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chem. Theory Comput."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21256","article-title":"AutoDock4 and AutoDockTools4: Automated Docking with Selective Receptor Flexibility","volume":"30","author":"Morris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1373","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac956","article-title":"PubChem 2023 Update","volume":"51","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2946-3-33","article-title":"Open Babel: An Open Chemical Toolbox","volume":"3","author":"Banck","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cheminform."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.1c00203","article-title":"AutoDock Vina 1.2.0: New Docking Methods, Expanded Force Field, and Python Bindings","volume":"61","author":"Eberhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.340140216","article-title":"Multiple Protein Sequence Alignment from Tertiary Structure Comparison: Assignment of Global and Residue Confidence Levels","volume":"14","author":"Russell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proteins"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W363","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky473","article-title":"CASTp 3.0: Computed Atlas of Surface Topography of Proteins","volume":"46","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s13321-021-00548-6","article-title":"ProLIF: A Library to Encode Molecular Interactions as Fingerprints","volume":"13","author":"Bouysset","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cheminform."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"A-3B","article-title":"Protein Analysis by SDS-PAGE and Detection by Coomassie Blue or Silver Staining","volume":"2","author":"Gallagher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Quantitation of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing the Principle of Protein-Dye Binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.3934\/biophy.2015.3.336","article-title":"Universal Buffers for Use in Biochemistry and Biophysical Experiments","volume":"2","author":"Brooke","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIMS Biophys."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2013.06.064","article-title":"Zeolite Imidazolate Framework-8 as Sorbent for on-Line Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Tetracyclines in Water and Milk Samples","volume":"1304","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(99)01316-3","article-title":"Chromatographic Analysis of Tetracycline Antibiotics in Foods","volume":"882","author":"Oka","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.12.062","article-title":"Simultaneous Removal and Degradation Characteristics of Sulfonamide, Tetracycline, and Quinolone Antibiotics by Laccase-Mediated Oxidation Coupled with Soil Adsorption","volume":"307","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Hudzicki, J. (2024, February 17). Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test Protocol. Available online: https:\/\/asm.org:443\/Protocols\/Kirby-Bauer-Disk-Diffusion-Susceptibility-Test-Pro."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19416","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M301251200","article-title":"Crystal Structure of a Bacterial Endospore Coat Component","volume":"278","author":"Enguita","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2766","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.052710499","article-title":"Crystal Structure and Electron Transfer Kinetics of CueO, a Multicopper Oxidase Required for Copper Homeostasis in Escherichia coli","volume":"99","author":"Roberts","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-014-1826-6","article-title":"Electron Transfer and Reaction Mechanism of Laccases","volume":"72","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.201800236","article-title":"Structural Insight into the Allosteric Coupling of Cu1 Site and Trinuclear Cu Cluster in CotA Laccase","volume":"19","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, M., Bhardwaj, P., Ishqi, H.M., Shahid, M., and Islam, A. (2023). Laccase Engineering: Redox Potential Is Not the Only Activity-Determining Feature in the Metalloproteins. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28176209"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116603","article-title":"Antibiotics in Wastewater: From Its Occurrence to the Biological Removal by Environmentally Conscious Technologies","volume":"275","author":"Langbehn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145291","article-title":"Tetracyclines in the Environment: An Overview on the Occurrence, Fate, Toxicity, Detection, Removal Methods, and Sludge Management","volume":"771","author":"Scaria","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-2019-1329.ch001","article-title":"Functional Approach for the Development and Production of Novel Extreme Biocatalysts","volume":"Volume 1329","author":"Rathinam","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Symposium Series"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espina, G., C\u00e1ceres-Moreno, P., Correa-Llant\u00e9n, D., Sarmiento, F., and Blamey, J.M. (2020). 4 Extremozymes: From Discovery to Novel Bio-Products, De Gruyter.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110424331-004"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2006.09.016","article-title":"Paper Pulp Delignification Using Laccase and Natural Mediators","volume":"40","author":"Camarero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Enzym. Microb. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mani, P., Kumar, V.T.F., Keshavarz, T., Chandra, T.S., and Kyazze, G. (2018). The Role of Natural Laccase Redox Mediators in Simultaneous Dye Decolorization and Power Production in Microbial Fuel Cells. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11123455"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.08.004","article-title":"Removal of Antibiotics in Wastewater by Enzymatic Treatment with Fungal Laccase\u2014Degradation of Compounds Does Not Always Eliminate Toxicity","volume":"219","author":"Becker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chmelov\u00e1, D., Ondrejovi\u010d, M., and Miertu\u0161, S. (2024). Laccases as Effective Tools in the Removal of Pharmaceutical Products from Aquatic Systems. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14020230"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.03.156","article-title":"Tetracycline Removal and Effect on the Formation and Degradation of Extracellular Polymeric Substances and Volatile Fatty Acids in the Process of Hydrogen Fermentation","volume":"212","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.65.2.232-260.2001","article-title":"Tetracycline Antibiotics: Mode of Action, Applications, Molecular Biology, and Epidemiology of Bacterial Resistance","volume":"65","author":"Chopra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.06.030","article-title":"Occurrence of Antibiotics in Wastewater Treatment Facilities in Wisconsin, USA","volume":"361","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2011.10.041","article-title":"Treatment of Tetracycline Antibiotics by Laccase in the Presence of 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole","volume":"103","author":"Suda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.05.072","article-title":"Identification of New Transformation Products during Enzymatic Treatment of Tetracycline and Erythromycin Antibiotics at Laboratory Scale by an On-Line Turbulent Flow Liquid-Chromatography Coupled to a High Resolution Mass Spectrometer LTQ-Orbitrap","volume":"119","author":"Llorca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121084","article-title":"Characterization of a Robust Cold-Adapted and Thermostable Laccase from Pycnoporus Sp. SYBC-L10 with a Strong Ability for the Degradation of Tetracycline and Oxytetracycline by Laccase-Mediated Oxidation","volume":"382","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114690","article-title":"Ultrafast Synthesis of Laccase-Copper Phosphate Hybrid Nanoflowers for Efficient Degradation of Tetracycline Antibiotics","volume":"216","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2014.02.051","article-title":"Design and Optimization of an Enzymatic Membrane Reactor for Tetracycline Degradation","volume":"236","author":"Belleville","year":"2014","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.02.058","article-title":"Transformation and Toxicity Evaluation of Tetracycline in Humic Acid Solution by Laccase Coupled with 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole","volume":"331","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.113063","article-title":"Hydrolytic Transformation Mechanism of Tetracycline Antibiotics: Reaction Kinetics, Products Identification and Determination in WWTPs","volume":"229","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.08.069","article-title":"Immobilization of Laccase on Hollow Mesoporous Carbon Nanospheres: Noteworthy Immobilization, Excellent Stability and Efficacious for Antibiotic Contaminants Removal","volume":"362","author":"Shao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/3\/369\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:16:04Z","timestamp":1760105764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/3\/369"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["biom14030369"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom14030369","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]}}}