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Dysregulated immune and inflammatory responses contribute to many of the later effects on health. Whether normalization can occur following a transition to more nurturing, benevolent conditions is unclear. To assess the potential for recovery, blood samples were obtained from 45 adolescents adopted by supportive families after impoverished infancies in institutional settings (post-institutionalized, PI). Their immune profiles were compared to 39 age-matched controls raised by their biological parents (non-adopted, NA). Leukocytes were immunophenotyped, and this analysis focuses on natural killer (NK) cell populations in circulation. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositivity was evaluated to determine if early infection contributed to the impact of an atypical rearing. Associations with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) and interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3), two cytokines released by activated NK cells, were examined. Compared to the NA controls, PI adolescents had a lower percent of CD56bright NK cells in circulation, higher TNF-\u03b1 levels, and were more likely to be infected with CMV. PI adolescents who were latent carriers of CMV expressed NKG2C and CD57 surface markers on more NK cells, including CD56dim lineages. The NK cell repertoire revealed lingering immune effects of early rearing while still maintaining an overall integrity and resilience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14040456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T08:55:12Z","timestamp":1712652912000},"page":"456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Lingering Effects of Early Institutional Rearing and Cytomegalovirus Infection on the Natural Killer Cell Repertoire of Adopted Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6407-295X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth K.","family":"Wood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0056-5995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brie M.","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dagna S.","family":"Sheerar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin Institute of Medical Research, University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6940-700X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bonny","family":"Donzella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan R.","family":"Gunnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9335-9060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Coe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 54706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579413000692","article-title":"Contributions of attachment theory and research: A framework for future research, translation and policy","volume":"25","author":"Cassidy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. 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