{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:58:55Z","timestamp":1792803535756,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]],"date-time":"2024-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Massachusetts Lions Eye Research Foundation","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05hffq650","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Boston University Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine Wing Tat Lee Award"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Augmenting the natural melanocortin pathway in mouse eyes with uveitis or diabetes protects the retinas from degeneration. The retinal cells are protected from oxidative and apoptotic signals of death. Therefore, we investigated the effects of a therapeutic application of the melanocortin alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (\u03b1-MSH) on an ischemia and reperfusion (I\/R) model of retinal degenerative disease. Eyes were subjected to an I\/R procedure and were treated with \u03b1-MSH. Retinal sections were histopathologically scored. Also, the retinal sections were immunostained for viable ganglion cells, activated Muller cells, microglial cells, and apoptosis. The I\/R caused retinal deformation and ganglion cell loss that was significantly reduced in I\/R eyes treated with \u03b1-MSH. While \u03b1-MSH treatment marginally reduced the number of GFAP-positive Muller cells, it significantly suppressed the density of Iba1-positive microglial cells in the I\/R retinas. Within one hour after I\/R, there was apoptosis in the ganglion cell layer, and by 48 h, there was apoptosis in all layers of the neuroretina. The \u03b1-MSH treatment significantly reduced and delayed the onset of apoptosis in the retinas of I\/R eyes. The results demonstrate that therapeutically augmenting the melanocortin pathways preserves retinal structure and cell survival in eyes with progressive neuroretinal degenerative disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14050525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T08:59:39Z","timestamp":1714553979000},"page":"525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Maintains Retinal Homeostasis after Ischemia\/Reperfusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tat Fong","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna Y.","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0760-0298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John L.","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Gardiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric S.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elman","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziqian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8663-169X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha L.","family":"Fineman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda","family":"Lituchy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4239-6851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy C.","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0330-8591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew W.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neo.2016.04.007","article-title":"miR-21, miR-155, miR-192, and miR-375 Deregulations Related to NF-kappaB Activation in Gastroduodenal Fluid-Induced Early Preneoplastic Lesions of Laryngeal Mucosa In Vivo","volume":"18","author":"Sasaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16012","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.12","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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