{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T04:22:58Z","timestamp":1792815778544,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare subtype of group 1 pulmonary hypertension (PH) diseases, characterized by high pulmonary artery pressure leading to right ventricular dysfunction and potential life-threatening consequences. PAH involves complex mechanisms: vasoconstriction, vascular remodeling, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, fibrosis, RV remodeling, cellular hypoxia, metabolic imbalance, and thrombosis. These mechanisms are mediated by several pathways, involving molecules like nitric oxide and prostacyclin. PAH diagnosis requires clinical evaluation and right heart catheterization, confirming a value of mPAP \u2265 20 mmHg at rest and often elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). Even if an early and accurate diagnosis is crucial, PAH still lacks effective biomarkers to assist in its diagnosis and prognosis. Biomarkers could contribute to arousing clinical suspicion and serve for prognosis prediction, risk stratification, and dynamic monitoring in patients with PAH. The aim of the present review is to report the main novelties on new possible biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring of PAH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14050552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T09:39:47Z","timestamp":1714729187000},"page":"552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Circulating Biomarkers in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: An Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7863-253X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Correale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiothoracic Department, Ospedali Riuniti University Hospital, 71100 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4461-1885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Tricarico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester Maria Lucia","family":"Bevere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Chiriv\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0801-0022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Croella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiothoracic Vascular Department, Division of Provincial Cardiology, Santissima Annunziata Hospital and Delta Hospital, Azienda Unit\u00e0 Sanitaria Locale di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6211-4482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Severino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9448-2762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Mercurio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damiano","family":"Magr\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Sant\u2019Andrea, \u201cSapienza\u201d Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1458-4820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Dini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Auxologico IRCCS, Centro Medico Sant\u2019Agostino, Via Temperanza, 6, 20127 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3185-9240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Licordari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Section of Cardiology, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7161-3224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Beltrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Dattilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Section of Cardiology, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2352-2103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Salzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Unit, AORN A Cardarelli, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6235-984X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Palazzuoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Department, S. 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