{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:13:40Z","timestamp":1791922420293,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","award":["2021JZ-27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JZ-27"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","award":["2017SF-187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017SF-187"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","award":["CBSKL2019-ZZ13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBSKL2019-ZZ13"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","award":["2020PT-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020PT-019"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Cancer Biology State Key Laboratory","award":["2021JZ-27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JZ-27"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Cancer Biology State Key Laboratory","award":["2017SF-187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017SF-187"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Cancer Biology State Key Laboratory","award":["CBSKL2019-ZZ13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBSKL2019-ZZ13"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Cancer Biology State Key Laboratory","award":["2020PT-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020PT-019"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["2021JZ-27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JZ-27"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["2017SF-187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017SF-187"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["CBSKL2019-ZZ13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBSKL2019-ZZ13"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi Province","award":["2020PT-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020PT-019"]}]},{"name":"Independent Project of the Fourth Military Medical University","award":["2021JZ-27"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JZ-27"]}]},{"name":"Independent Project of the Fourth Military Medical University","award":["2017SF-187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017SF-187"]}]},{"name":"Independent Project of the Fourth Military Medical University","award":["CBSKL2019-ZZ13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBSKL2019-ZZ13"]}]},{"name":"Independent Project of the Fourth Military Medical University","award":["2020PT-019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020PT-019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long-term exposure to microgravity is considered to cause liver lipid accumulation, thereby increasing the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among astronauts. However, the reasons for this persistence of symptoms remain insufficiently investigated. In this study, we used tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics techniques, as well as non-targeted metabolomics techniques based on liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS\/MS), to comprehensively analyse the relative expression levels of proteins and the abundance of metabolites associated with lipid accumulation in rat liver tissues under simulated microgravity conditions. The differential analysis revealed 63 proteins and 150 metabolites between the simulated microgravity group and the control group. By integrating differentially expressed proteins and metabolites and performing pathway enrichment analysis, we revealed the dysregulation of major metabolic pathways under simulated microgravity conditions, including the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis and butanoate metabolism, indicating disrupted liver metabolism in rats due to weightlessness. Finally, we examined differentially expressed proteins associated with lipid metabolism in the liver of rats exposed to stimulated microgravity. These findings contribute to identifying the key molecules affected by microgravity and could guide the design of rational nutritional or pharmacological countermeasures for astronauts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14060682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T06:47:30Z","timestamp":1718174850000},"page":"682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Integration of Proteomic and Metabolomic Data Reveals the Lipid Metabolism Disorder in the Liver of Rats Exposed to Simulated Microgravity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mengyao","family":"Ru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medicine, Yan\u2019an University, Yan\u2019an 716000, China"},{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Xi\u2019an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi\u2019an 710018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yungang","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medicine, Yan\u2019an University, Yan\u2019an 716000, China"},{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Yan\u2019an University, Yan\u2019an 716000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1843-6566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoli","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yan\u2019an Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Innovation and Transformation, Yan\u2019an University, Yan\u2019an 716000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9029-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.050","article-title":"Fundamental Biological Features of Spaceflight: Advancing the Field to Enable Deep-Space Exploration","volume":"183","author":"Afshinnekoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.81.1.105","article-title":"Regulation of body fluid compartments during short-term spaceflight","volume":"81","author":"Leach","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. 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