{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T09:35:24Z","timestamp":1793957724067,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]],"date-time":"2024-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a human neurotropic herpes virus responsible for varicella and herpes zoster (HZ). Following primary infection in childhood, VZV manifests as varicella (chickenpox) and enters a period of latency within the dorsal root ganglion. A compromised cellular immune response due to aging or immunosuppression triggers viral reactivation and the development of HZ (shingles). Patients with autoimmune diseases have a higher risk of developing HZ owing to the immunodeficiency associated with the disease itself and\/or the use of immunosuppressive agents. The introduction of new immunosuppressive agents with unique mechanisms has expanded the treatment options for autoimmune diseases but has also increased the risk of HZ. Specifically, Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors and anifrolumab have raised concerns regarding HZ. Despite treatment advances, a substantial number of patients suffer from complications such as postherpetic neuralgia for prolonged periods. The adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) is considered safe and effective even in immunocompromised patients. The widespread adoption of RZV may reduce the health and socioeconomic burdens of HZ patients. This review covers the link between VZV and autoimmune diseases, assesses the risk of HZ associated with immunosuppressant use, and discusses the benefits and risks of using RZV in patients with autoimmune diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14070739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T10:41:12Z","timestamp":1719225672000},"page":"739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Exploring the Link between Varicella-Zoster Virus, Autoimmune Diseases, and the Role of Recombinant Zoster Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ryuhei","family":"Ishihara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1089-5296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryu","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8992-1805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayu","family":"Shiomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masao","family":"Katsushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Fukumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinsuke","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8849-9824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadashi","family":"Okano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Senile Degenerative Disorders (CSDD), Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motomu","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23895","article-title":"Ca2+-dependent release of ATP from astrocytes affects herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of neurons","volume":"69","author":"Marcocci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.377","article-title":"Membrane fusion mediated by herpesvirus glycoproteins: The paradigm of varicella-zoster virus","volume":"13","author":"Cole","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3215","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of varicella zoster virus pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Zerboni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040634","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus transfer to skin by T Cells and modulation of viral replication by epidermal cell interferon-alpha","volume":"200","author":"Ku","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"E245","article-title":"Subclinical VZV reactivation in immunocompetent children hospitalized in the ICU associated with prolonged fever duration","volume":"19","author":"Papaevangelou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Off. Publ. Eur. Soc. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Nair, P.A., and Patel, B.C. (2024, March 25). Herpes Zoster, StatPearls, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK441824\/."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014). Varicella and herpes zoster vaccines: WHO position paper, June 2014. Relev. Epidemiol. Hebd., 89, 265\u2013287."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"g2911","article-title":"Quantification of risk factors for herpes zoster: Population based case-control study","volume":"348","author":"Forbes","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Clin. Res. Ed."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28307","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28307","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus reactivation following COVID-19 vaccination in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases: A cross-sectional Chinese study of 318 cases","volume":"95","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.07.022","article-title":"Varicella-Zoster virus reactivation following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination or infection: New insights","volume":"104","author":"Tejada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bardach, A.E., Palermo, C., Alconada, T., Sandoval, M., Balan, D.J., Nieto Guevara, J., G\u00f3mez, J., and Ciapponi, A. (2021). Herpes zoster epidemiology in Latin America: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255877"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21928","article-title":"Incidence and time trends of herpes zoster in rheumatoid arthritis: A population-based cohort study","volume":"65","author":"Veetil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"119","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of Herpes zoster in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"16","author":"Borba","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol. Pract. Rep. Rheum. Musculoskelet. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-011-0162-0","article-title":"Risk of Herpes zoster in patients with underlying diseases: A retrospective hospital-based cohort study","volume":"39","author":"Hata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-023-00988-y","article-title":"Burden of Herpes Zoster among Patients with Psoriasis in the United States","volume":"13","author":"Singer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"goad016","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/goad016","article-title":"Incidence and risk of herpes zoster in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease in the USA","volume":"11","author":"Singer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1138","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001138","article-title":"Increased Risk of Herpes Zoster Following Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"94","author":"Tsai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3731","article-title":"The multiple pathways to autoimmunity","volume":"18","author":"Theofilopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smatti, M.K., Cyprian, F.S., Nasrallah, G.K., Al Thani, A.A., Almishal, R.O., and Yassine, H.M. (2019). Viruses and Autoimmunity: A Review on the Potential Interaction and Molecular Mechanisms. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11080762"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sundaresan, B., Shirafkan, F., Ripperger, K., and Rattay, K. (2023). The Role of Viral Infections in the Onset of Autoimmune Diseases. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030782"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.07.036","article-title":"Exploring the complex relationships between infections and autoimmunity","volume":"8","author":"Doria","year":"2008","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39670","article-title":"Risk of Herpes Zoster in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases: Implications for Vaccination","volume":"68","author":"Yun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7683","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64732-8","article-title":"Prevalence and pattern of comorbidities in chronic rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases: The COMORD study","volume":"10","author":"Ziade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-021-04889-1","article-title":"Hypertension and dyslipidemia are risk factors for herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A retrospective analysis using a medical information database","volume":"41","author":"Tanaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01525-8","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"402","author":"Bathon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Rheumatoid Arthritis Collaborators (2023). Global, regional, and national burden of rheumatoid arthritis, 1990\u20132020, and projections to 2050: A systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Rheumatol., 5, e594\u2013e610."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.13103","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Review","volume":"320","author":"Aletaha","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-019-1977-9","article-title":"Respiratory viral infections and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"21","author":"Joo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"95","article-title":"Transient remission of intractable systemic-type of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis after chickenpox in a 2-year-old boy","volume":"43","author":"Aihara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int. Off. J. Jpn. Pediatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1606","article-title":"Remission of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with varicella infection","volume":"26","author":"Saulsbury","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-005-0194-x","article-title":"Remission of rheumatoid arthritis after acute disseminated varicella-zoster infection","volume":"26","author":"Agarwal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.3109\/14397595.2014.984829","article-title":"Incidence of herpes zoster in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis from 2005 to 2010","volume":"25","author":"Nakajima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dlamini, S.T., Htet, K.M., Theint, E.C.C., Mayadilanuari, A.M., Li, W.M., Tung, Y.C., and Tu, H.P. (2023). Herpes Zoster Risk in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Its Association with Medications Used. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032123"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2012.10.004","article-title":"The pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus\u2014An update","volume":"24","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.2315","article-title":"Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Review","volume":"331","author":"Siegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223035","article-title":"Global epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: A comprehensive systematic analysis and modelling study","volume":"82","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quaglia, M., Merlotti, G., De Andrea, M., Borgogna, C., and Cantaluppi, V. (2021). Viral Infections and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: New Players in an Old Story. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020277"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"174891","article-title":"Herpes Zoster Infections in SLE in a University Hospital in Saudi Arabia: Risk Factors and Outcomes","volume":"2011","author":"Sayeeda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Autoimmune Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reggiani, F., Cardi, S., Tumminello, F., Calatroni, M., Locatelli, L., Gerosa, M., Del Papa, N., and Moroni, G. (2023). Herpes zoster in lupus nephritis: Experience on 292 patients followed up for 15 years. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1293269"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203312470186","article-title":"Increased incidence of herpes zoster among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"22","author":"Chakravarty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322011000700009","article-title":"Risk of herpes zoster in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A three-year follow-up study using a nationwide population-based cohort","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.49.8.630","article-title":"High incidence of herpes zoster in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: An immunological analysis","volume":"49","author":"Nagasawa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"2151","article-title":"Association of reduced CD4 T cell responses specific to varicella zoster virus with high incidence of herpes zoster in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"31","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38804","article-title":"Altered cellular and humoral immunity to varicella-zoster virus in patients with autoimmune diseases","volume":"66","author":"Rondaan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00718-8","article-title":"Global epidemiology of vasculitis","volume":"18","author":"Watts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37715","article-title":"2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides","volume":"65","author":"Jennette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70134-6","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus vasculopathies: Diverse clinical manifestations, laboratory features, pathogenesis, and treatment","volume":"8","author":"Gilden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000304747.38502.e8","article-title":"The varicella zoster virus vasculopathies: Clinical, CSF, imaging, and virologic features","volume":"70","author":"Nagel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e246","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000246","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases in CSF of patients with VZV vasculopathy","volume":"3","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1428-1","article-title":"Chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with central nervous system complications caused by varicella-zoster virus","volume":"16","author":"Lind","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000111527.42357.62","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is required for adequate angiogenic revascularization of ischemic tissues: Potential role in capillary branching","volume":"94","author":"Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10527","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01546-16","article-title":"Varicella-Zoster Virus Downregulates Programmed Death Ligand 1 and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I in Human Brain Vascular Adventitial Fibroblasts, Perineurial Cells, and Lung Fibroblasts","volume":"90","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii32","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex424","article-title":"Large-vessel giant cell arteritis: Diagnosis, monitoring and management","volume":"57","author":"Koster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, D.H., Iovieno, A., and Sheldon, C.A. (2020). Is There an Association between Herpetic Infections and Giant Cell Arteritis? A Population-Based Study. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10010063"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001409","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of VZV in temporal arteries of patients with giant cell arteritis","volume":"84","author":"Gilden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S107","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy425","article-title":"Varicella Zoster Virus Vasculopathy","volume":"218","author":"Nagel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780360913","article-title":"Correlation of interleukin-6 production and disease activity in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis","volume":"36","author":"Roche","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313206","article-title":"MMP (Matrix Metalloprotease)-9-Producing Monocytes Enable T Cells to Invade the Vessel Wall and Cause Vasculitis","volume":"123","author":"Watanabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"E970","article-title":"Immunoinhibitory checkpoint deficiency in medium and large vessel vasculitis","volume":"114","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.180912","article-title":"Investigating the Association of Giant Cell Arteritis with Varicella Zoster Virus in Temporal Artery Biopsies or Ascending Aortic Resections","volume":"46","author":"Solomon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40236","article-title":"Herpes Zoster as a Risk Factor for Incident Giant Cell Arteritis","volume":"69","author":"England","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S151893","article-title":"Does herpes zoster predispose to giant cell arteritis: A geo-epidemiologic study","volume":"12","author":"Ing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2017.02.005","article-title":"No detection of varicella-zoster virus in temporal arteries of patients with giant cell arteritis","volume":"47","author":"Muratore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(03)00167-9","article-title":"Absence of detection of varicella-zoster virus DNA in temporal artery biopsies obtained from patients with giant cell arteritis","volume":"215","author":"Kennedy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-003-0429-6","article-title":"Varicella glomerulonephritis mimicking microscopic polyangiitis","volume":"24","author":"Dass","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2001.42.4.425","article-title":"Fatal pulmonary-renal syndrome manifested with immune complex crescentic glomerulonephritis in a patient with MPO-ANCA seropositivity","volume":"42","author":"Song","year":"2001","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reichardt, S.D., Amouret, A., Muzzi, C., Vettorazzi, S., Tuckermann, J.P., L\u00fchder, F., and Reichardt, H.M. (2021). The Role of Glucocorticoids in Inflammatory Diseases. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10112921"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e214920","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.4920","article-title":"Prevalence of Immunosuppressive Drug Use among Commercially Insured US Adults, 2018\u20132019","volume":"4","author":"Wallace","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(10)82001-1","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of healthy and malignant lymphocytes","volume":"182","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0371-y","article-title":"Therapeutic glucocorticoids: Mechanisms of actions in rheumatic diseases","volume":"16","author":"Hardy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes305","article-title":"The risk of infections associated with rheumatoid arthritis, with its comorbidity and treatment","volume":"52","author":"Listing","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2021.05.029","article-title":"Corticosteroid Use and Risk of Herpes Zoster in a Population-Based Cohort","volume":"96","author":"Qian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.161196","article-title":"Association between Medications and Herpes Zoster in Japanese Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A 5-year Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"44","author":"Harada","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e014032","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014032","article-title":"Risk and severity of herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving different immunosuppressive medications: A case-control study in Asia","volume":"7","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.1099","article-title":"Association between the initiation of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy and the risk of herpes zoster","volume":"309","author":"Winthrop","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.05.001","article-title":"DMARDS and infections in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"8","author":"Caporali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5042","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab538","article-title":"Use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and the subsequent risk of herpes zoster in older adults","volume":"60","author":"Qian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1600-6143.2003.00287.x","article-title":"Herpes zoster infection following solid organ transplantation: Incidence, risk factors and outcomes in the current immunosuppressive era","volume":"4","author":"Gourishankar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant. Off. J. Am. Soc. Transplant. Am. Soc. Transpl. Surg."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.12.059","article-title":"Immunosuppressive medication use and risk of herpes zoster (HZ) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): A nationwide case-control study","volume":"75","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kel328","article-title":"Rates and predictors of herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and non-inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders","volume":"45","author":"Wolfe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.160041","article-title":"Treatments for Lupus Nephritis: A Systematic Review and Network Metaanalysis","volume":"43","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224762","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus: 2023 update","volume":"83","author":"Fanouriakis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200010193431604","article-title":"Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. Hong Kong-Guangzhou Nephrology Study Group","volume":"343","author":"Chan","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210708","article-title":"Safety of synthetic and biological DMARDs: A systematic literature review informing the 2016 update of the EULAR recommendations for management of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"76","author":"Ramiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22470","article-title":"Risks of herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis according to biologic disease-modifying therapy","volume":"67","author":"Yun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2013.07.009","article-title":"Risk of herpes\/herpes zoster during anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"81","author":"Che","year":"2014","journal-title":"Syst. Rev. Meta-Analysis. Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220651","article-title":"Risk of herpes zoster (shingles) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis under biologic, targeted synthetic and conventional synthetic DMARD treatment: Data from the German RABBIT register","volume":"81","author":"Redeker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2021.1878985","article-title":"The risk factors and incidence of major infectious diseases in patients with ankylosing spondylitis receiving tumor necrosis factor inhibitors","volume":"31","author":"Koo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27368","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000027368","article-title":"Risk of herpes zoster associated with biological therapies for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Zou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.383","article-title":"Risk of herpes zoster in patients receiving anti-TNF-\u03b1 in the prospective French RATIO registry","volume":"132","author":"Serac","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006304","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.006304","article-title":"Significant Associations of Neurological Complications of Herpes Zoster with Stroke in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients","volume":"6","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2015.1007810","article-title":"Molecular basis for antagonistic activity of anifrolumab, an anti-interferon-\u03b1 receptor 1 antibody","volume":"7","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"mAbs"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket403","article-title":"Type I interferon blockade in systemic lupus erythematosus: Where do we stand?","volume":"53","author":"Lauwerys","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3581","article-title":"Regulation of type I interferon responses","volume":"14","author":"Ivashkiv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2012.03.005","article-title":"Emerging therapies for systemic lupus erythematosus\u2014Focus on targeting interferon-alpha","volume":"143","author":"Lichtman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01604-z","article-title":"Anifrolumab: First Approval","volume":"81","author":"Deeks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020117-043952","article-title":"Type I Interferons in Autoimmune Disease","volume":"14","author":"Crow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42392","article-title":"A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Extension Trial of the Long-Term Safety and Tolerability of Anifrolumab in Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"75","author":"Kalunian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka, Y., Atsumi, T., Okada, M., Miyamura, T., Ishii, T., Nishiyama, S., Matsumura, R., Kawakami, A., Hayashi, N., and Abreu, G. (2023). The long-term safety and tolerability of anifrolumab for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in Japan: TULIP-LTE subgroup analysis. Mod. Rheumatol., road092.","DOI":"10.1093\/mr\/road092"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shawky, A.M., Almalki, F.A., Abdalla, A.N., Abdelazeem, A.H., and Gouda, A.M. (2022). A Comprehensive Overview of Globally Approved JAK Inhibitors. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14051001"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00603-1","article-title":"Immune-mediated inflammatory disease therapeutics: Past, present and future","volume":"21","author":"McInnes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41906","article-title":"A Decade of JAK Inhibitors: What Have We Learned and What May Be the Future?","volume":"73","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watanabe, R., and Hashimoto, M. (2022). Perspectives of JAK Inhibitors for Large Vessel Vasculitis. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.881705"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759720X20936059","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X20936059","article-title":"JAK inhibitors and infections risk: Focus on herpes zoster","volume":"12","author":"Sunzini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Musculoskelet. Dis."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0603252","article-title":"Interferon-gamma: An overview of signals, mechanisms and functions","volume":"75","author":"Schroder","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/immu.200390027","article-title":"Differential requirements for JAK2 and TYK2 in T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma production induced by IL-12 alone or together with IL-18","volume":"33","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220822","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for herpes zoster in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving upadacitinib: A pooled analysis of six phase III clinical trials","volume":"81","author":"Winthrop","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40189","article-title":"Herpes Zoster and Tofacitinib: Clinical Outcomes and the Risk of Concomitant Therapy","volume":"69","author":"Winthrop","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209131","article-title":"Real-world comparative risks of herpes virus infections in tofacitinib and biologic-treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"75","author":"Curtis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-022-05270-6","article-title":"Herpes zoster in patients with inflammatory arthritides or ulcerative colitis treated with tofacitinib, baricitinib or upadacitinib: A systematic review of clinical trials and real-world studies","volume":"43","author":"Gialouri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223357","article-title":"Safety of synthetic and biological DMARDs: A systematic literature review informing the 2022 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"82","author":"Sepriano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F., Tang, X., Zhu, M., Mao, H., Wan, H., and Luo, F. (2022). Efficacy and Safety of JAK Inhibitors for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154459"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Q., He, L., and Yin, Y. (2023). Risk of herpes zoster associated with JAK inhibitors in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1241954"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)91090-X","article-title":"Acyclovir therapy for acute herpes zoster","volume":"2","author":"Bean","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199550020-00011","article-title":"Famciclovir. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in herpesvirus infections","volume":"50","author":"Perry","year":"1995","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199652050-00009","article-title":"Valaciclovir. A review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy in herpesvirus infections","volume":"52","author":"Perry","year":"1996","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001718","article-title":"Aggregate health and economic burden of herpes zoster in the United States: Illustrative example of a pain condition","volume":"161","author":"Harvey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0618","article-title":"Herpes zoster recurrences more frequent than previously reported","volume":"86","author":"Yawn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.04.095","article-title":"Patient report of herpes zoster pain: Incremental benefits of zoster vaccine live","volume":"37","author":"Bruxvoort","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.07.004","article-title":"Long-term effectiveness of zoster vaccine live for postherpetic neuralgia prevention","volume":"37","author":"Klein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051016","article-title":"A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults","volume":"352","author":"Oxman","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603800","article-title":"Efficacy of the Herpes Zoster Subunit Vaccine in Adults 70 Years of Age or Older","volume":"375","author":"Cunningham","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)90144-5","article-title":"Live vaccine used to prevent the spread of varicella in children in hospital","volume":"2","author":"Takahashi","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq052","article-title":"Effectiveness of 2 doses of varicella vaccine in children","volume":"203","author":"Shapiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1086\/528696","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus-specific immune responses in elderly recipients of a herpes zoster vaccine","volume":"197","author":"Levin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40187","article-title":"The Safety and Immunogenicity of Live Zoster Vaccination in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis before Starting Tofacitinib: A Randomized Phase II Trial","volume":"69","author":"Winthrop","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv480","article-title":"Cellular and Humoral Responses to a Second Dose of Herpes Zoster Vaccine Administered 10 Years after the First Dose among Older Adults","volume":"213","author":"Levin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy514","article-title":"Persistence of Varicella-Zoster Virus Cell-Mediated Immunity after the Administration of a Second Dose of Live Herpes Zoster Vaccine","volume":"219","author":"Weinberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir970","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of herpes zoster vaccine in persons aged 50\u201359 years","volume":"54","author":"Schmader","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-6928","article-title":"The Safety and Immunologic Effectiveness of the Live Varicella-Zoster Vaccine in Patients Receiving Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"174","author":"Curtis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.7304","article-title":"Association between vaccination for herpes zoster and risk of herpes zoster infection among older patients with selected immune-mediated diseases","volume":"308","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.130170","article-title":"Herpes zoster vaccination in SLE: A pilot study of immunogenicity","volume":"40","author":"Guthridge","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.25045","article-title":"2022 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for Vaccinations in Patients with Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases","volume":"75","author":"Bass","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"100601","article-title":"Herpes zoster vaccine effectiveness against herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in New Zealand: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"31","author":"Mbinta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health West. Pac."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir139","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus DNA at inoculation sites and in saliva after Zostavax immunization","volume":"203","author":"Pierson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"681","article-title":"Severe Autoimmune Adverse Events Post Herpes Zoster Vaccine: A Case-Control Study of Adverse Events in a National Database","volume":"14","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1501184","article-title":"Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults","volume":"372","author":"Lal","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1556","article-title":"The requirement of varicella zoster virus glycoprotein E (gE) for viral replication and effects of glycoprotein I on gE in melanoma cells","volume":"304","author":"Mo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis497","article-title":"A phase 1\/2 clinical trial evaluating safety and immunogenicity of a varicella zoster glycoprotein e subunit vaccine candidate in young and older adults","volume":"206","author":"Clement","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.10.002","article-title":"Vaccine adjuvants: Putting innate immunity to work","volume":"33","author":"Coffman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.09.073","article-title":"Long-term immunogenicity and safety of an investigational herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults","volume":"34","author":"Chlibek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2018.1442162","article-title":"Persistence of immune response to an adjuvanted varicella-zoster virus subunit vaccine for up to year nine in older adults","volume":"14","author":"Schwarz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofac485","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac485","article-title":"Long-term Protection Against Herpes Zoster by the Adjuvanted Recombinant Zoster Vaccine: Interim Efficacy, Immunogenicity, and Safety Results up to 10 Years after Initial Vaccination","volume":"9","author":"Strezova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S84","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz359.183","article-title":"2905. Long-term Immunological Persistence of the Adjuvanted Recombinant Zoster Vaccine: Clinical Data and Mathematical Modeling","volume":"6","author":"Bastidas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002760","article-title":"Adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine decreases herpes zoster-associated pain and the use of pain medication across 3 randomized, placebo-controlled trials","volume":"164","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3735","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.1932216","article-title":"Potential public health impact of the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine among people aged 50 years and older in Beijing","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25151355211057479","DOI":"10.1177\/25151355211057479","article-title":"Safety and reactogenicity of the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine: Experience from clinical trials and post-marketing surveillance","volume":"9","author":"Fiore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa083","article-title":"The Adjuvanted Recombinant Zoster Vaccine in Adults Aged \u226565 Years Previously Vaccinated with a Live-Attenuated Herpes Zoster Vaccine","volume":"224","author":"Dagnew","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6703a5","article-title":"Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for Use of Herpes Zoster Vaccines","volume":"67","author":"Dooling","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa300","article-title":"Immunogenicity of the Adjuvanted Recombinant Zoster Vaccine: Persistence and Anamnestic Response to Additional Doses Administered 10 Years after Primary Vaccination","volume":"224","author":"Hastie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25151355221084535","DOI":"10.1177\/25151355221084535","article-title":"Global herpes zoster incidence, burden of disease, and vaccine availability: A narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab125","article-title":"Recombinant Zoster Vaccine (Shingrix): Real-World Effectiveness in the First 2 Years Post-Licensure","volume":"73","author":"Izurieta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.07.049","article-title":"A systematic literature review of the recombinant subunit herpes zoster vaccine use in immunocompromised 18\u201349 year old patients","volume":"38","author":"Racine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.9053","article-title":"Effect of Recombinant Zoster Vaccine on Incidence of Herpes Zoster after Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"322","author":"Bastidas","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263979","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2263979","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of recombinant zoster vaccine: A review of real-world evidence","volume":"19","author":"Parikh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa424","article-title":"Efficacy and serious adverse events profile of the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine in adults with pre-existing potential immune-mediated diseases: A pooled post hoc analysis on two parallel randomized trials","volume":"60","author":"Dagnew","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7103a2","article-title":"Use of Recombinant Zoster Vaccine in Immunocompromised Adults Aged \u226519 Years: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices\u2014United States, 2022","volume":"71","author":"Anderson","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203309345724","article-title":"Adjuvants and autoimmunity","volume":"18","author":"Israeli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.03.043","article-title":"Safety profile of the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine: Pooled analysis of two large randomised phase 3 trials","volume":"37","author":"Campora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.10.029","article-title":"Safety of the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine in adults aged 50 years or older. A phase IIIB, non-randomized, multinational, open-label study in previous ZOE-50 and ZOE-70 placebo recipients","volume":"39","author":"Boutry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-021-01076-w","article-title":"Safety Profile of the Adjuvanted Recombinant Zoster Vaccine in Immunocompromised Populations: An Overview of Six Trials","volume":"44","author":"Bastidas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11150","article-title":"Safety of the Zoster Vaccine Recombinant Adjuvanted in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Systemic Rheumatic Disease Patients: A Single Center\u2019s Experience with 400 Patients","volume":"2","author":"Stevens","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5149","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab139","article-title":"Safety of recombinant zoster vaccine: A retrospective study of 622 rheumatology patients","volume":"60","author":"Lenfant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/7\/739\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:02:46Z","timestamp":1760108566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/7\/739"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]]},"references-count":163,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["biom14070739"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom14070739","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]]}}}