{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T07:27:41Z","timestamp":1774682861583,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal do Ensino Superior (CAPES)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Giardiasis is a parasitic disease caused by Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) that affects people worldwide. Still, few studies report on the immunoregulatory effects of the biomolecules of colostrum during interactions with G. lamblia. This study aimed to assess the concentrations of melatonin and cortisol hormones, the percentage of Treg cells, and the levels of cytokines IL-10 and TGF-\u03b2 in colostrum from mothers who tested positive for the parasite. This cross-sectional study analyzed colostrum samples from 25 puerperal. The samples were tested using an ELISA to determine if they were seropositive for G. lamblia and the type of antibody present (IgM and IgG). Based on the results, the samples were divided into three groups: a control group (N = 10) with no reaction to either IgM or IgG, a group seropositive for IgG (IgG+\/IgM\u2212; N = 8), and a group seropositive for IgM (IgM+\/IgG\u2212; N = 7). The concentrations of melatonin and cortisol were measured using the ELISA method. Additionally, cytokines IL-10 and TGF-\u03b2 and immunophenotyping were analyzed using flow cytometry. In the group that tested positive for IgM anti-G. lamblia, the concentration of melatonin was lower. However, in the colostrum from mothers who tested positive for IgG anti-G. lamblia, the level of this hormone had increased. The cortisol levels were similar between the groups, regardless of seropositivity. There was a higher percentage of Treg cells in the colostrum from mothers who tested positive for IgM anti-G. lamblia. TGF-\u03b2 levels also increased in the colostrum of mothers who tested positive for IgM anti-G. lamblia. In the seronegative group for G. lamblia, there was a positive correlation between melatonin concentration and the percentage of Treg cells. These data suggest that the increase in regulatory cells and cytokines and the reduction in melatonin in colostrum from mothers with recent giardia infection may contribute to the evolution and manifestation of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14070744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T10:41:12Z","timestamp":1719225672000},"page":"744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Correlation between Melatonin and Colostral Regulatory T Cells in Giardia lamblia Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Adriele Ataides","family":"de Queiroz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"},{"name":"Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Gar\u00e7as 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1854-5397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo Luz\u00eda","family":"Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Gar\u00e7as 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriella Regina Borges","family":"Gadenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Gar\u00e7as 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Let\u00edcia Damas Le\u00e3o","family":"Dalcin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Gar\u00e7as 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmi","family":"Fujimori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Gar\u00e7as 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4921-4064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle Cristina Honorio","family":"Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Gar\u00e7as 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7263-5721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Aparecida","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Parasitology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0452-9804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adenilda Cristina","family":"Honorio-Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Gar\u00e7as 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.3.447-475.2001","article-title":"Biology of Giardia lamblia","volume":"14","author":"Adam","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.02.015","article-title":"Giardia and Cryptosporidium join the \u2018Neglected Diseases Initiative\u2019","volume":"22","author":"Savioli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2016.07.019","article-title":"An update on Giardia and giardiasis","volume":"34","author":"Einarsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.107771","article-title":"Mechanisms of epithelial dysfunction in giardiasis","volume":"56","author":"Buret","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07744-9","article-title":"Effects of stunting, diarrhoeal disease, and parasitic infection during infancy on cognition in late childhood: A follow-up study","volume":"359","author":"Berkman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1086\/597580","article-title":"Prospective case-control study of the association between common enteric protozoal parasites and diarrhea in Bangladesh","volume":"48","author":"Haque","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1086\/597581","article-title":"Intestinal protozoal parasites and diarrheal disease in Bangladesh","volume":"48","author":"Ward","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1990.tb00995.x","article-title":"Antigenic variation in Giardia lamblia: Cellular and humoral immune response in a mouse model","volume":"12","author":"Gottstein","year":"1990","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2007.09.004","article-title":"Persisting symptoms and duodenal inflammation related to Giardia duodenalis infection","volume":"55","author":"Hanevik","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-5860-4","article-title":"Human colostrum action against Giardia lamblia infection influenced by hormones and advanced maternal age","volume":"117","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2010.200","article-title":"A lesson in survival, by Giardia lamblia","volume":"10","author":"Touz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.11.010","article-title":"Giardiasis\u2014Why do the symptoms sometimes never stop?","volume":"26","author":"Robertson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02258.x","article-title":"Phagocytosis of Giardia lamblia trophozoites by human colostral leukocytes","volume":"95","author":"Gomes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.257","article-title":"Impact of breastfeeding on Giardia lamblia infections in Bilbeis, Egypt","volume":"65","author":"Mahmud","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12806","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12806","article-title":"Characterization of CD127\u2212 CD25++ Treg from human colostrum","volume":"79","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.62.06.584","article-title":"Immunology of breast milk","volume":"62","author":"Palmeira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.11.015","article-title":"Neonatal tolerance under breastfeeding influence: The presence of allergen and transforming growth factor-beta in breast milk protects the progeny from allergic asthma","volume":"156","author":"Verhasselt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12095","article-title":"Giardia duodenalis stimulates partial maturation of bovine dendritic cells associated with altered cytokine secretion and induction of T-cell proliferation","volume":"36","author":"Grit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.3923\/ijp.2012.510.518","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Effects of Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Microspheres Adsorbed with Cortisol on Activity of Colostrum Phagocytes","volume":"8","author":"Fagundes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973179","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/973179","article-title":"Melatonin Nanoparticles Adsorbed to Polyethylene Glycol Microspheres as Activators of Human Colostrum Macrophages","volume":"2013","author":"Hara","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2478\/v10136-012-0039-2","article-title":"Human colostrum melatonin exhibits a day-night variation and modulates the activity of colostral phagocytes","volume":"11","author":"Hara","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"928187","article-title":"Transfer of maternal immunity to newborns of diabetic mothers","volume":"2012","author":"Calderon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immuol. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(78)90144-X","article-title":"A new medium for the axenic cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica and other Entamoeba","volume":"72","author":"Diamond","year":"1978","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2020.40.5.382","article-title":"Specific IgG and IgA Antibody Reactivities in Sera of Children by Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay and Comparison with Giardia duodenalis Diagnosis in Feces","volume":"40","author":"Pacheco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for quantitating microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.07.009","article-title":"The zoonotic transmission of Giardia and Cryptosporidium","volume":"35","author":"Hunter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1590\/0034-7167-2016-0059","article-title":"High prevalence of enteroparasites in children from Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"70","author":"Fonseca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Enferm."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00033-10","article-title":"Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis","volume":"24","author":"Feng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e721","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30080-4","article-title":"National, Regional, and State-Level All-Cause and Cause-Specific Under-5 Mortality in India in 2000\u201315: A Systematic Analysis with Implications for the Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.5.825","article-title":"Human milk kills Giardia lamblia by generating toxic lipolytic products","volume":"154","author":"Reiner","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-62","article-title":"Melatonin reduces the severity of experimental amoebiasis","volume":"4","author":"Oliveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.11.007","article-title":"The potential use of melatonin to treat protozoan parasitic infections: A review","volume":"97","author":"Daryani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2023.07.021","article-title":"Melatonin: A Look at Protozoal and Helminths","volume":"219","author":"Franco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2007.00427.x","article-title":"Melatonin Treatment Reduces the Severity of Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi Infection","volume":"42","author":"Santello","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2016.1149038","article-title":"Ghrelin and melatonin as biomarkers in patients with giardiasis","volume":"30","author":"Alzeyadia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108158","article-title":"Effect of dexamethasone on experimental enteritis produced by Giardia lamblia in a Meriones unguiculatus model","volume":"230","author":"Amaral","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141623","article-title":"Regulatory T cells: Mechanisms of differentiation and function","volume":"30","author":"Josefowicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.017","article-title":"Regulatory B and T cells in infections","volume":"10","author":"Majlessi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpm.ijpm_1262_21","article-title":"Natural regulatory T cells increase significantly in pediatric patients with parasitic infections: Flow cytometry study","volume":"66","author":"Kizilbash","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian. J. Pathol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Lainez, C., de la Mora-de la Mora, I., Enr\u00edquez-Flores, S., Garc\u00eda-Torres, I., Flores-L\u00f3pez, L.A., Guti\u00e9r-rez-Castrell\u00f3n, P., de Vos, P., and L\u00f3pez-Vel\u00e1zquez, G. (2022). The Giardial Arginine Deiminase Participates in Giardia-Host Immunomodulation in a Structure-Dependent Fashion via Toll-like Receptors. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911552"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.03.012","article-title":"Evaluation of cellular and humoral systemic immune response against Giardia duodenalis infection in cattle","volume":"202","author":"Grit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20328","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56416-9","article-title":"ROR\u03b3t+ Treg to Th17 ratios correlate with susceptibility to Giardia infection","volume":"9","author":"Yordanova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21147","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103785","article-title":"Melatonin exerts immunoregulatory effects by balancing peripheral effector and regulatory T helper cells in myasthenia gravis","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21361","article-title":"Role of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in melatonin-mediated inhibition of murine gastric cancer cell growth in vivo and in vitro","volume":"294","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12394","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12394","article-title":"Melatonin signaling in T cells: Functions and applications","volume":"62","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12208","article-title":"Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effect of melatonin on the T-cell response in peripheral blood from systemic lupus erythematosus patients","volume":"58","author":"Guerrero","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-017-0469-3","article-title":"Expanding Diversity and Common Goal of Regulatory T and B Cells. I: Origin, Phenotype, Mechanisms","volume":"65","author":"Bocian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12210","article-title":"Host defenses against Giardia lamblia","volume":"37","author":"Quintero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"160","article-title":"Role of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 in patients infected with Giardia lamblia","volume":"29","author":"Bayraktar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Turk. Parazitol. Derg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1028-6","article-title":"The effect of IFN-\u03b3 and TGF-\u03b2 in the functional activity of mononuclear cells in the presence of Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"8","author":"Moraes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"209","article-title":"Effects of Cytokines IFN-\u03b3 and TGF-\u03b2 on the Functional Activity of Blood Mononuclear Cells against Giardia lamblia","volume":"16","author":"Brune","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2024.107201","article-title":"Promising Effects of 1,8 Cineole to Control Giardia lamblia Infection: Targeting the Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Infectivity","volume":"255","author":"Masoori","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-08005-z","article-title":"Respiratory Allergy Symptoms and Cytokine Profiles in the Presence of Anti-Ascaris Antibody in Giardia lamblia\u2013Infected Children","volume":"122","author":"Fontenele","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00419-15","article-title":"Human Memory CD4+ T Cell Immune Responses against Giardia lamblia","volume":"23","author":"Saghaug","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0580","article-title":"Comparison of Cytokine Responses in Ecuadorian Children Infected with Giardia, Ascaris, or Both Parasites","volume":"96","author":"Weatherhead","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"697","article-title":"Evaluation of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 levels in patients with giardiasis","volume":"67","author":"Khalaf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00773-17","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00773-17","article-title":"Cytokines, Antibodies, and Histopathological Profiles during Giardia Infection and Variant-Specific Surface Protein-Based Vaccination","volume":"86","author":"Serradell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-4-10","article-title":"Role of cholesterol in parasitic infections","volume":"4","author":"Bansal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700824","article-title":"Giardia Infection of the Small Intestine Induces Chronic Colitis in Genetically Susceptible Hosts","volume":"201","author":"Dann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"333","article-title":"Time-dependent Alterations of Soluble and Cellular Components in Human Milk","volume":"41","author":"Nicomedes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Rhythm. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100550","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2010.02070.x","article-title":"Diabetes induced immunological and biochemical changes in human colostrum","volume":"100","author":"Morceli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"243","article-title":"Partial breastfeeding protects Bedouin infants from infection and morbidity: Prospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Bilenko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morais, T.C., Honorio-Fran\u00e7a, A.C., Fujimori, M., de Quental, O.B., Pessoa, R.S., Fran\u00e7a, E.L., and de Abreu, L.C. (2019). Melatonin Action on the Activity of Phagocytes from the Colostrum of Obese Women. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55100625"}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/7\/744\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:03:18Z","timestamp":1760108598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/7\/744"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["biom14070744"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom14070744","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]}}}