{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:05:32Z","timestamp":1793829932095,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral health has witnessed a significant transformation with the integration of biomarkers in early-diagnostic processes. This article briefly reviews the types of biomarkers used in the screening and early detection of oral diseases, particularly oral cancer, periodontal diseases, and dental caries, with an emphasis on molecular biomarkers. While the advent of these biomarkers may represent a leap forward in oral healthcare, it also opens the door to potential overtesting, overdiagnosis, and overtreatment. To inform the selection of novel biomarkers and ensure their rational use in screening tests, it is imperative to consider some key characteristics, which are specific to the biomarker (e.g., surrogate biomarkers should reliably reflect the primary health outcome), to the test (e.g., sensitivity and specificity must be balanced based on the disease of interest), and to the disease (e.g., the efficacy of treatment should improve when the condition is diagnosed earlier). For systemic conditions associated with oral diseases, researchers should be extremely cautious when determining who is \u201cat risk\u201d, particularly when such risk is small, non-existent, or inconsequent. This framework aims to ensure that advancements in oral health diagnostics translate into genuine improvements in patient care and well-being.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14070787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T04:23:43Z","timestamp":1719980623000},"page":"787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A Roadmap for the Rational Use of Biomarkers in Oral Disease Screening"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1429-1323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Cirillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia"},{"name":"School of Dentistry, University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan"},{"name":"CoTreatAI, CoTreat Pty Ltd., Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FDA-NIH Biomarker Working Group (2016). 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