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However, successful commercialization is dependent on their safety and efficacy evaluations. Several preclinical models are available for drug-screening and safety evaluations, including cellular- and molecular-level models, tissue and organoid models, and animal models. Organoids are three-dimensional cell cultures derived from primary tissues or stem cells that are structurally and functionally similar to the original organs and can self-renew, and they are used to establish various disease models. Human hepatobiliary organoids have been used to study the pathogenesis of diseases, such as hepatitis, liver fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, primary sclerosing cholangitis and biliary tract cancer, as they retain the physiological and histological characteristics of the liver and bile ducts. Here, we review recent research progress in validating drug toxicity, drug screening and personalized therapy for hepatobiliary-related diseases using human hepatobiliary organoid models, discuss the challenges encountered in current research and evaluate the possible solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14070794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T06:28:54Z","timestamp":1720074534000},"page":"794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Human Hepatobiliary Organoids: Recent Advances in Drug Toxicity Verification and Drug Screening"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China"},{"name":"Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250117, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoying","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250117, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Physic-Chemical and Aging-Related Injuries, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6604-6867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongcui","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250117, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Physic-Chemical and Aging-Related Injuries, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lanjuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan 250117, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Rd., Hangzhou 310003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3312","article-title":"Organoids as an in vitro model of human development and disease","volume":"18","author":"Fatehullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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