{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:48:33Z","timestamp":1792003713941,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":212,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent decades, it has become clear that allergic diseases are on the rise in both Western and developing countries. The exact reason for the increase in prevalence has not been conclusively clarified yet. Multidimensional approaches are suspected in which diet and nutrition seem to play a particularly important role. Allergic diseases are characterized by a hyper-reactive immune system to usually harmless allergens, leading to chronic inflammatory diseases comprising respiratory diseases like asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR), allergic skin diseases like atopic dermatitis (AD), and food allergies. There is evidence that diet can have a positive or negative influence on both the development and severity of allergic diseases. In particular, the intake of the essential trace element zinc plays a very important role in modulating the immune response, which was first demonstrated around 60 years ago. The most prevalent type I allergies are mainly based on altered immunoglobulin (Ig)E and T helper (Th)2 cytokine production, leading to type 2 inflammation. This immune status can also be observed during zinc deficiency and can be positively influenced by zinc supplementation. The underlying immunological mechanisms are very complex and multidimensional. Since zinc supplements vary in dose and bioavailability, and clinical trials often differ in design and structure, different results can be observed. Therefore, different results are not surprising. However, the current literature suggests a link between zinc deficiency and the development of allergies, and shows positive effects of zinc supplementation on modulating the immune system and reducing allergic symptoms, which are discussed in more detail in this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14070863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T13:12:57Z","timestamp":1721394777000},"page":"863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Zinc Deficiency and Zinc Supplementation in Allergic Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7143-6691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Maywald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5658-2893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lothar","family":"Rink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.11.001","article-title":"Nutrients and foods for the primary prevention of asthma and allergy: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"127","author":"Nurmatov","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s00060-023-8490-0","article-title":"Klimawandel und Allergien","volume":"53","author":"Luschkova","year":"2023","journal-title":"HNO Nachrichten"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Sato, M., Saito-Abe, M., Miyaji, Y., Shimada, M., Sato, C., Nishizato, M., Kumasaka, N., Mezawa, H., and Yamamoto-Hanada, K. (2023). Maternal Dietary Zinc Intake during Pregnancy and Childhood Allergic Diseases up to Four Years: The Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15112568"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1159\/000447367","article-title":"Associations between Respiratory Diseases and Dietary Patterns Derived by Factor Analysis and Reduced Rank Regression","volume":"68","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3830","article-title":"The impact of diet on asthma and allergic diseases","volume":"15","author":"Julia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, A.E., and Boersma, P. (2023). Diagnosed Allergic Conditions in Adults: United States, 2021. NCHS Data Brief, National Center for Health Statistics.","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:122809"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2024, April 12). Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Asthma, Most Recent National Asthma Data, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/asthma\/most_recent_national_asthma_data.htm."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2020). Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet, 396, 1204\u20131222."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2021.100581","article-title":"Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and risk of allergic conditions in children: Findings from the Japan Environment and Children\u2019s study (JECS)","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"10","article-title":"The international study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC): Phase three rationale and methods","volume":"9","author":"Ellwood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2012.33.3561","article-title":"Chapter 28: Classification of hypersensitivity reactions","volume":"33","author":"Uzzaman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.1.9703002","article-title":"Dissociation between airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in allergic asthma","volume":"157","author":"Crimi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3038.2001.012003125.x","article-title":"Asthma severity and inflammation markers in children","volume":"12","author":"Wilson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200312-1651OC","article-title":"Effects of treatment with anti-immunoglobulin E antibody omalizumab on airway inflammation in allergic asthma","volume":"170","author":"Wilson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050580","article-title":"Evidence of a role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in refractory asthma","volume":"354","author":"Berry","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200205-414OC","article-title":"Early thickening of the reticular basement membrane in children with difficult asthma","volume":"167","author":"Payne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1080\/10408399609527756","article-title":"Introduction to allergic diseases","volume":"36","author":"Mekori","year":"1996","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2010.04139.x","article-title":"The \u2018hygiene hypothesis\u2019 for autoimmune and allergic diseases: An update","volume":"160","author":"Okada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"133","article-title":"Stressed mucosa","volume":"59","author":"Davidson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nestle Nutr. Workshop Ser. Pediatr. Program."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900720","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.48.1900720","article-title":"Influenza imprinting in childhood and the influence on vaccine response later in life","volume":"24","author":"Kelvin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.11.019","article-title":"The neonatal window of opportunity-early priming for life","volume":"141","author":"Renz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601253","article-title":"The Neonatal Window of Opportunity: Setting the Stage for Life-Long Host-Microbial Interaction and Immune Homeostasis","volume":"198","author":"Torow","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3829","article-title":"The immunology of the allergy epidemic and the hygiene hypothesis","volume":"18","author":"Lambrecht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.11.019","article-title":"Probiotics prevent IgE-associated allergy until age 5 years in cesarean-delivered children but not in the total cohort","volume":"123","author":"Kuitunen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04259-8","article-title":"Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: A randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"357","author":"Salminen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.07.011","article-title":"A differential effect of 2 probiotics in the prevention of eczema and atopy: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"122","author":"Wickens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.77","article-title":"The theory of disappearing microbiota and the epidemics of chronic diseases","volume":"17","author":"Blaser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad9378","article-title":"How colonization by microbiota in early life shapes the immune system","volume":"352","author":"Gensollen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.1994.tb00343.x","article-title":"Atopic diseases in infancy. The German multicenter atopy study (MAS-90)","volume":"5","author":"Bergmann","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(97)70021-6","article-title":"Sensitization to hen\u2019s egg at the age of twelve months is predictive for allergic sensitization to common indoor and outdoor allergens at the age of three years","volume":"99","author":"Nickel","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02842-7","article-title":"Early exposure to house-dust mite and cat allergens and development of childhood asthma: A cohort study. Multicentre Allergy Study Group","volume":"356","author":"Lau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69286-6","article-title":"Perennial allergen sensitisation early in life and chronic asthma in children: A birth cohort study","volume":"368","author":"Illi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(99)70195-8","article-title":"Natural course of sensitization to food and inhalant allergens during the first 6 years of life","volume":"103","author":"Kulig","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2007.02901.x","article-title":"Primary prevention of allergy: Avoiding risk or providing protection?","volume":"38","author":"Hamelmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.05.014","article-title":"Diet, metabolites, and \u201cwestern-lifestyle\u201d inflammatory diseases","volume":"40","author":"Thorburn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021400","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-0462\/2023\/41\/2021400","article-title":"Prevalence of rhinitis and associated factors in adolescents and adults: A Global Asthma Network study","volume":"41","author":"Mocelin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Paul. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13352","article-title":"Dietary fats, olive oil and respiratory diseases in Italian adults: A population-based study","volume":"49","author":"Cazzoletti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114519001843","article-title":"Association between dietary fibre intake and asthma (symptoms and control): Results from the French national e-cohort NutriNet-Sant\u00e9","volume":"122","author":"Andrianasolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peroni, D.G., Hufnagl, K., Comberiati, P., and Roth-Walter, F. (2022). Lack of iron, zinc, and vitamins as a contributor to the etiology of atopic diseases. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1032481"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morales, F., Montserrat-de la Paz, S., Leon, M.J., and Rivero-Pino, F. (2023). Effects of Malnutrition on the Immune System and Infection and the Role of Nutritional Strategies Regarding Improvements in Children\u2019s Health Status: A Literature Review. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010001"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cannas, D., Loi, E., Serra, M., Firinu, D., Valera, P., and Zavattari, P. (2020). Relevance of Essential Trace Elements in Nutrition and Drinking Water for Human Health and Autoimmune Disease Risk. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072074"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.003210","article-title":"Discovery of human zinc deficiency: Its impact on human health and disease","volume":"4","author":"Prasad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/34.4.475","article-title":"Studies on the bioavailability of zinc in humans: Effects of heme and nonheme iron on the absorption of zinc","volume":"34","author":"Solomons","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kondaiah, P., Yaduvanshi, P.S., Sharp, P.A., and Pullakhandam, R. (2019). Iron and Zinc Homeostasis and Interactions: Does Enteric Zinc Excretion Cross-Talk with Intestinal Iron Absorption?. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081885"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442s","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/68.2.442S","article-title":"Iron and zinc interactions in humans","volume":"68","author":"Whittaker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Maxfield, L., Shukla, S., and Crane, J.S. (2024, May 24). Zinc Deficiency, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK493231\/."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.4.903","article-title":"Maternal antioxidant intake in pregnancy and wheezing illnesses in children at 2 y of age","volume":"84","author":"Litonjua","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12729","article-title":"Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and risk of asthma, wheeze, and atopic diseases during childhood: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Beckhaus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800507","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00507-2018","article-title":"Maternal dietary antioxidant intake in pregnancy and childhood respiratory and atopic outcomes: Birth cohort study","volume":"52","author":"Northstone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.3390\/nu4111747","article-title":"Associations between maternal antioxidant intakes in pregnancy and infant allergic outcomes","volume":"4","author":"West","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2005.11.010","article-title":"Dietary intake of seaweed and minerals and prevalence of allergic rhinitis in Japanese pregnant females: Baseline data from the Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study","volume":"16","author":"Miyake","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2009.02267.x","article-title":"Consumption of vegetables, fruit, and antioxidants during pregnancy and wheeze and eczema in infants","volume":"65","author":"Miyake","year":"2010","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00117803","article-title":"Umbilical cord trace elements and minerals and risk of early childhood wheezing and eczema","volume":"24","author":"Shaheen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"19","article-title":"Decreased natural killer cell activity in patients with zinc deficiency with sickle cell disease","volume":"105","author":"Tapazoglou","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.03.007","article-title":"The immunomodulatory role of zinc in asthmatic patients","volume":"110","author":"Mohamed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/75.2.300","article-title":"Effect of zinc supplementation on growth and body composition in children with sickle cell disease123","volume":"75","author":"Zemel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-006-9058-2","article-title":"Effect of improved zinc status on T helper cell activation and TH1\/TH2 ratio in healthy elderly individuals","volume":"7","author":"Kahmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446s","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.123.3_suppl.446S","article-title":"Zinc status modulates bronchopulmonary eosinophil infiltration in a murine model of allergic inflammation","volume":"123","author":"Richter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03690-4","article-title":"Association Between Circulating Zinc and Risk for Childhood Asthma and Wheezing: A Meta-analysis on 21 Articles and 2205 Children","volume":"202","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.03.015","article-title":"Roles of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in allergic diseases: The 10-year anniversary for ILC2s","volume":"147","author":"Bartemes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.06.024","article-title":"Enhanced innate type 2 immune response in peripheral blood from patients with asthma","volume":"134","author":"Bartemes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2018.11.001","article-title":"Airway innate lymphoid cells in the induction and regulation of allergy","volume":"68","author":"Doherty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.03.023","article-title":"Eosinophils promote effector functions of lung group 2 innate lymphoid cells in allergic airway inflammation in mice","volume":"152","author":"LeSuer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2013.01.062","article-title":"Zinc finger protein A20 inhibits maturation of dendritic cells resident in rat liver allograft","volume":"183","author":"Dai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1373","article-title":"Toll-like receptor-mediated regulation of zinc homeostasis influences dendritic cell function","volume":"7","author":"Kitamura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-122019-120635","article-title":"Dietary and Physiological Effects of Zinc on the Immune System","volume":"41","author":"Wessels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, P. (2023). The Role of Diet and Nutrition in Allergic Diseases. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173683"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00227-0","article-title":"Allergic rhinitis","volume":"6","author":"Bousquet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/108.8.1315","article-title":"The influence of zinc-deprivation on the mast cell population of the bone marrow and other tissues","volume":"108","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"e8197","article-title":"Role of Zinc in Mucosal Health and Disease: A Review of Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Processes","volume":"12","author":"Hassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20082533","article-title":"Zinc transporter Znt5\/Slc30a5 is required for the mast cell-mediated delayed-type allergic reaction but not the immediate-type reaction","volume":"206","author":"Nishida","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"1595","article-title":"A Randomized Clinical Trial of Elemental Zinc Add-on Therapy on Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis (CRSwNP)","volume":"18","author":"Alani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"42","article-title":"Nutritional supplement therapy improves oxidative stress, immune response, pulmonary function, and quality of life in allergic asthma patients: An open-label pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Altern. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:97:1:31","article-title":"Alterations in plasma essential trace elements selenium, manganese, zinc, copper, and iron concentrations and the possible role of these elements on oxidative status in patients with childhood asthma","volume":"97","author":"Kocyigit","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2007.01.013","article-title":"Zinc fluxes and zinc transporter genes in chronic diseases","volume":"622","author":"Devirgiliis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zajac, D. (2021). Mineral Micronutrients in Asthma. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114001"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2000.00959.x","article-title":"Exposure to endotoxin or other bacterial components might protect against the development of atopy","volume":"30","author":"Schierl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12053","article-title":"The combined effects of family size and farm exposure on childhood hay fever and atopy","volume":"24","author":"Genuneit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6710.1259","article-title":"Hay fever, hygiene, and household size","volume":"299","author":"Strachan","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"91","article-title":"Serum IgE levels in white and metis communities in Saskatchewan","volume":"37","author":"Gerrard","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perkin, M.R., and Strachan, D.P. (2022). The hygiene hypothesis for allergy\u2014Conception and evolution. Front. Allergy, 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/falgy.2022.1051368"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nogueira, D.S., Gazzinelli-Guimar\u00e3es, P.H., Barbosa, F.S., Resende, N.M., Silva, C.C., de Oliveira, L.M., Amorim, C.C., Oliveira, F.M., Mattos, M.S., and Kraemer, L.R. (2016). Multiple Exposures to Ascaris suum Induce Tissue Injury and Mixed Th2\/Th17 Immune Response in Mice. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004382"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0867","article-title":"Modern diets and diseases: NO-zinc balance. Under Th1, zinc and nitrogen monoxide (NO) collectively protect against viruses, AIDS, autoimmunity, diabetes, allergies, asthma, infectious diseases, atherosclerosis and cancer","volume":"53","author":"Sprietsma","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Ali, M.K., Dua, K., and Xu, R. (2022). The Role of Zinc in the Pathogenesis of Lung Disease. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14102115"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.27.2.4699","article-title":"Asthmatic bronchial epithelium is more susceptible to oxidant-induced apoptosis","volume":"27","author":"Bucchieri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Y., and Chen, H. (2021). Aberrance of Zinc Metalloenzymes-Induced Human Diseases and Its Potential Mechanisms. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124456"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1132","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00207.2006","article-title":"Zinc modulates cytokine-induced lung epithelial cell barrier permeability","volume":"291","author":"Bao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2001-0014OC","article-title":"Altered zinc homeostasis and caspase-3 activity in murine allergic airway inflammation","volume":"27","author":"Ruffin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12637","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13068-x","article-title":"Serum Zinc Status and Its Association with Allergic Sensitization: The Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"7","author":"Seo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1172","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.2000.279.6.L1172","article-title":"Visualization of labile zinc and its role in apoptosis of primary airway epithelial cells and cell lines","volume":"279","author":"Ruffin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcdt.2016.10.009","article-title":"Serum zinc level in bronchial asthma","volume":"66","author":"Yousef","year":"2017","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Chest Dis. Tuberc."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.5.1936","article-title":"Inhibitory sites in enzymes: Zinc removal and reactivation by thionein","volume":"96","author":"Maret","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"e92851","article-title":"Serum Level of Trace Elements (Zinc, Lead, and Copper), Albumin and Immunoglobulins in Asthmatic Children","volume":"15","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zahedan J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200512-1946OC","article-title":"Low maternal vitamin E intake during pregnancy is associated with asthma in 5-year-old children","volume":"174","author":"Devereux","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uysalol, M., Uysalol, E.P., Yilmaz, Y., Parlakgul, G., Ozden, T.A., Ertem, H.V., Omer, B., and Uzel, N. (2014). Serum level of vitamin D and trace elements in children with recurrent wheezing: A cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-270"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.52.2.166","article-title":"Bronchial reactivity and dietary antioxidants","volume":"52","author":"Soutar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"20","article-title":"Trace Elements Status in Sera of Patients with Allergic Asthma","volume":"5","author":"Ariaee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rep. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2011.01932.x","article-title":"Sputum zinc concentration and clinical outcome in older asthmatics","volume":"16","author":"Jayaram","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"51","article-title":"Alterations in some biochemical parameters and trace elements in asthmatic patients in Owerri","volume":"6","author":"Johnkennedy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Krishna Inst. Med. Sci. Univ."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S0946-672X(00)80036-X","article-title":"Concentrations of copper, zinc and various elements in serum of patients with bronchial asthma","volume":"14","author":"Vural","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20413","article-title":"Zinc status in infantile wheezing","volume":"41","author":"Tahan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2014.02.007","article-title":"The prevalence of wheezing and its association with serum zinc concentration in children and adolescents in Brazil","volume":"28","author":"Fiaccone","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2012.07.008","article-title":"Serum level of zinc in asthmatic patients: A case-control study","volume":"42","author":"Khanbabaee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0946-672X(96)80008-3","article-title":"Plasma zinc, copper and copper\/zinc ratio in intrinsic asthma","volume":"10","author":"Ginter","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"103","article-title":"Zinc and vitamin C deficiencies associate with poor pulmonary function in children with persistent asthma","volume":"40","author":"Siripornpanich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.23822\/EurAnnACI.1764-1489.114","article-title":"Risk factors of zinc deficiency in children with atopic dermatitis","volume":"52","author":"Ehlayel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Ann. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmz078","article-title":"Serum Zinc, Selenium and Total Antioxidant Contents of Nigerian Children with Asthma: Association with Disease Severity and Symptoms Control","volume":"66","author":"Kuti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6685","DOI":"10.4081\/pr.2016.6685","article-title":"Zinc Supplementation in Children with Asthma Exacerbation","volume":"8","author":"Rerksuppaphol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.26719\/2014.20.6.391","article-title":"Effect of zinc supplementation in children with asthma: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial in northern Islamic Republic of Iran","volume":"20","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2014","journal-title":"East. Mediterr. Health J."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"6","article-title":"Serum copper and zinc levels of children with asthma","volume":"4","author":"Bilan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1987.tb10530.x","article-title":"Zinc and Copper Status of Allergic Children","volume":"76","author":"Toro","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2119\/2008-00033.Prasad","article-title":"Zinc in human health: Effect of zinc on immune cells","volume":"14","author":"Prasad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"698","article-title":"Zinc Status In Children With Bronchial Asthma","volume":"11","author":"Kakarash","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iraqi Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(93)90228-V","article-title":"Oxidative metabolism and severe asthma in children","volume":"218","author":"Malvy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2010.07.006","article-title":"Oxidative stress status and plasma trace elements in patients with asthma or allergic rhinitis","volume":"39","author":"Sagdic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21501","article-title":"Erythrocyte zinc levels in children with bronchial asthma","volume":"46","author":"Ozmen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AbdulWahab, A., Zeidan, A., Avades, T., Chandra, P., and Soliman, A. (2018). Serum Zinc Level in Asthmatic and Non-Asthmatic School Children. Children, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/children5030042"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2018.1531992","article-title":"Serum vitamin A, zinc and visual function in children with moderate to severe persistent asthma","volume":"56","author":"Andino","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Asthma"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oluwole, O., Arinola, O.G., Adu, M.D., Adepoju, A., Adedokun, B.O., Olopade, O.I., and Olopade, C.O. (2014). Relationships between Plasma Micronutrients, Serum IgE, and Skin Test Reactivity and Asthma among School Children in Rural Southwest Nigeria. J. Biomark., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/106150"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"240","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Serum Zinc Level between Asthmatic and Control Group","volume":"53","author":"Behmanesh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. J. Mashhad Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1515\/tjb-2017-0002","article-title":"Evaluation of serum 25-hidroxy Vitamin D and zinc levels in asthmatic patients","volume":"43","author":"Elevli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Turk. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2017.02.004","article-title":"Biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidants in severe asthma: A Prospective Case-Control Study","volume":"118","author":"Bishopp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"45","article-title":"Serum Levels of Selenium, Zinc, Copper and Magnesium in Asthmatic Patients: A Case Control Study","volume":"3","author":"Hussein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sudan J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino12.000","article-title":"European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2012","volume":"50","author":"Fokkens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2004.07.005","article-title":"Serum levels of antioxidant vitamins, copper, zinc and magnesium in children with chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"18","author":"Unal","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"Cd006639","article-title":"Zinc supplements for preventing otitis media","volume":"2014","author":"Gulani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dewi, A.M.K., Setyorini, D.A., and Suprihati (2018). The effect of zinc supplementation on the improvement of clinical symptoms and the quality of life of persistent moderate severe allergic rhinitis patients. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/conf.fphar.2018.63.00084"},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"451","article-title":"Zinc-depletion associates with tissue eosinophilia and collagen depletion in chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"58","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13532","article-title":"Mucosal zinc deficiency in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis contributes to barrier disruption and decreases ZO-1","volume":"73","author":"Murphy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(03)00498-2","article-title":"Apoptosis in the normal and inflamed airway epithelium: Role of zinc in epithelial protection and procaspase-3 regulation","volume":"66","author":"Grosser","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L577","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00280.2006","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of zinc and alterations in zinc transporter mRNA in mouse models of allergic inflammation","volume":"292","author":"Lang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2020.09.007","article-title":"Role of intracellular zinc in molecular and cellular function in allergic inflammatory diseases","volume":"70","author":"Suzuki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.05.052","article-title":"Defective epithelial barrier in chronic rhinosinusitis: The regulation of tight junctions by IFN-\u03b3 and IL-4","volume":"130","author":"Soyka","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2017.11.003","article-title":"Recent advancement to prevent the development of allergy and allergic diseases and therapeutic strategy in the perspective of barrier dysfunction","volume":"67","author":"Natsume","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21168","article-title":"House dust mite allergen Der p 1 effects on sinonasal epithelial tight junctions","volume":"3","author":"Henriquez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.10.050","article-title":"Impaired barrier function in patients with house dust mite-induced allergic rhinitis is accompanied by decreased occludin and zonula occludens-1 expression","volume":"137","author":"Steelant","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S149589","article-title":"Zinc deficiency as a codeterminant for airway epithelial barrier dysfunction in an ex vivo model of COPD","volume":"12","author":"Roscioli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Chron. Obs. Pulmon Dis."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.9.1664","article-title":"Zinc deficiency induces membrane barrier damage and increases neutrophil transmigration in Caco-2 cells","volume":"138","author":"Finamore","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2019-213357","article-title":"Zinc supplementation ameliorates lung injury by reducing neutrophil recruitment and activity","volume":"75","author":"Wessels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiGuilio, K.M., Rybakovsky, E., Abdavies, R., Chamoun, R., Flounders, C.A., Shepley-McTaggart, A., Harty, R.N., and Mullin, J.M. (2022). Micronutrient Improvement of Epithelial Barrier Function in Various Disease States: A Case for Adjuvant Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23062995"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13882","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13882","article-title":"Food allergy in the World Health Organization\u2019s International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11","volume":"33","author":"Tanno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20181235","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-1235","article-title":"The Public Health Impact of Parent-Reported Childhood Food Allergies in the United States","volume":"142","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_143","unstructured":"Food Allergy Research & Education (2024, May 24). Facts and Statistics\u2014The Food Allergy Epidemic. Available online: https:\/\/www.foodallergy.org\/resources\/facts-and-statistics."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzocchi, A., Venter, C., Maslin, K., and Agostoni, C. (2017). The Role of Nutritional Aspects in Food Allergy: Prevention and Management. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9080850"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521000738","article-title":"Zinc deficiency as a possible risk factor for increased susceptibility and severe progression of Corona Virus Disease 19","volume":"127","author":"Wessels","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ling, X.B., Wei, H.W., Wang, J., Kong, Y.Q., Wu, Y.Y., Guo, J.L., Li, T.F., and Li, J.K. (2016). Mammalian Metallothionein-2A and Oxidative Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17091483"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7819-9-54","article-title":"A review of metallothionein isoforms and their role in pathophysiology","volume":"9","author":"Thirumoorthy","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/s00775-011-0800-0","article-title":"Redox biochemistry of mammalian metallothioneins","volume":"16","author":"Maret","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfg095","article-title":"Metallothionein is a potential negative regulator of apoptosis","volume":"73","author":"Shimoda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2012.32420","article-title":"Role of selenium and zinc in the pathogenesis of food allergy in infants and young children","volume":"8","author":"Kamer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G625","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00350.2009","article-title":"The role of zinc deficiency in alcohol-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction","volume":"298","author":"Zhong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000778","article-title":"What is the leaky gut? Clinical considerations in humans","volume":"24","author":"Camilleri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G105","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00405.2015","article-title":"Cellular zinc is required for intestinal epithelial barrier maintenance via the regulation of claudin-3 and occludin expression","volume":"311","author":"Miyoshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.10.038","article-title":"An agonist of a zinc-sensing receptor GPR39 enhances tight junction assembly in intestinal epithelial cells via an AMPK-dependent mechanism","volume":"842","author":"Pongkorpsakol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.243238","article-title":"Zinc Supplementation, via GPR39, Upregulates PKC\u03b6 to Protect Intestinal Barrier Integrity in Caco-2 Cells Challenged by Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium","volume":"147","author":"Shao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.15586\/aei.v51i1.660","article-title":"Assessment of intracellular zinc levels in infants with food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis","volume":"51","author":"Gunaydin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.afnr.2014.11.003","article-title":"Vegetarian diets across the lifecycle: Impact on zinc intake and status","volume":"74","author":"Foster","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_158","unstructured":"Ross, A.C., Caballero, B.H., Cousins, R.J., Tucker, K.L., and Ziegler, T.R. (2012). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, Wolters Kluwer Health Adis (ESP). [11th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Protudjer, J.L.P., and Mikkelsen, A. (2020). Veganism and paediatric food allergy: Two increasingly prevalent dietary issues that are challenging when co-occurring. BMC Pediatr., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02236-0"},{"key":"ref_160","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2024, May 24). Trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9241561734."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) (2014). Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for zinc. EFSA J., 12, 3844.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2014.3844"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0001-z","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis","volume":"4","author":"Weidinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.02.021","article-title":"Cutaneous barrier dysfunction in allergic diseases","volume":"145","author":"Leung","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2019.07.005","article-title":"Atopic Dermatitis Is a Barrier Issue, Not an Allergy Issue","volume":"39","author":"Kraft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0285-x","article-title":"The Role of Micronutrients in Alopecia Areata: A Review","volume":"18","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Khafaji, Z., Brito, S., and Bin, B.H. (2022). Zinc and Zinc Transporters in Dermatology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232416165"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21451","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.560821","article-title":"ZIP2 protein, a zinc transporter, is associated with keratinocyte differentiation","volume":"289","author":"Inoue","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogawa, Y., Kinoshita, M., Shimada, S., and Kawamura, T. (2018). Zinc and Skin Disorders. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020199"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gammoh, N.Z., and Rink, L. (2017). Zinc in Infection and Inflammation. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201705.0176.v1"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2006.00179.x","article-title":"Zinc in wound healing: Theoretical, experimental, and clinical aspects","volume":"15","author":"Lansdown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wound Repair. Regen."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2008.06.001","article-title":"Zinc supplementation decreases oxidative stress, incidence of infection, and generation of inflammatory cytokines in sickle cell disease patients","volume":"152","author":"Bao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1307","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.262","article-title":"The zinc sensing receptor, ZnR\/GPR39, controls proliferation and differentiation of colonocytes and thereby tight junction formation in the colon","volume":"5","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sunuwar, L., Medini, M., Cohen, L., Sekler, I., and Hershfinkel, M. (2016). The zinc sensing receptor, ZnR\/GPR39, triggers metabotropic calcium signalling in colonocytes and regulates occludin recovery in experimental colitis. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 371.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0420"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2014.02.012","article-title":"Topical application of zinc oxide nanoparticles reduces bacterial skin infection in mice and exhibits antibacterial activity by inducing oxidative stress response and cell membrane disintegration in macrophages","volume":"10","author":"Pati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2147\/NSA.S19419","article-title":"Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreens: Focus on their safety and effectiveness","volume":"4","author":"Smijs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmst.2020.05.016","article-title":"A Z-Scheme Heterojunction of ZnO\/CDots\/C3N4 for Strengthened Photoresponsive Bacteria-Killing and Acceleration of Wound Healing","volume":"57","author":"Xiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-003-7397-6","article-title":"Aging and wound healing","volume":"28","author":"Gosain","year":"2004","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1711.2005.01391.x","article-title":"Apoptosis may underlie the pathology of zinc-deficient skin","volume":"84","author":"Wilson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2014.06.011","article-title":"Zinc regulates iNOS-derived nitric oxide formation in endothelial cells","volume":"2","author":"Kulakov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1990.tb14725.x","article-title":"Serum levels of trace metals in children with atopic eczema","volume":"122","author":"David","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.15586\/aei.v49i3.191","article-title":"Infantile atopic dermatitis: Serum vitamin D, zinc and TARC levels and their relationship with disease phenotype and severity","volume":"49","author":"Esenboga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2016.62841","article-title":"Erythrocyte zinc level in patients with atopic dermatitis and its relation to SCORAD index","volume":"33","author":"Karabacak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postep. Dermatol. Alergol."},{"key":"ref_183","first-page":"657","article-title":"Zinc and copper status in children with bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis","volume":"65","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Public Health Assoc."},{"key":"ref_184","first-page":"341","article-title":"Trace element levels in children with atopic dermatitis","volume":"22","author":"Toyran","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2020.v110i5.14308","article-title":"Investigating hair zinc concentrations in children with and without atopic dermatitis","volume":"110","author":"Gray","year":"2020","journal-title":"S. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1984.tb06630.x","article-title":"Low serum zinc in children with atopic eczema","volume":"111","author":"David","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.22578\/IJMS.17.2.2","article-title":"Assessment of Serum Zinc Level in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"17","author":"Farhood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iraqi J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1772","article-title":"Hair zinc levels and the efficacy of oral zinc supplementation in patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"94","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15190","article-title":"Possible involvement of zinc transporter ZIP10 in atopic dermatitis","volume":"47","author":"Nakajima","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valenzuela, F., Fern\u00e1ndez, J., Aroca, M., Jim\u00e9nez, C., Albers, D., Hern\u00e1ndez, M., and Fern\u00e1ndez, A. (2020). Gingival Crevicular Fluid Zinc- and Aspartyl-Binding Protease Profile of Individuals with Moderate\/Severe Atopic Dermatitis. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202010.0005.v1"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000403200407","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in HR-1 hairless mice fed a diet low in magnesium and zinc","volume":"32","author":"Makiura","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2009.21.2.142","article-title":"The therapeutic effect and the changed serum zinc level after zinc supplementation in alopecia areata patients who had a low serum zinc level","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.45216","article-title":"Trace element levels in alopecia areata","volume":"75","author":"Bhat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian. J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12769","article-title":"Evaluation of serum zinc level in patients with newly diagnosed and resistant alopecia areata","volume":"55","author":"Atef","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_195","first-page":"77","article-title":"Evaluating the serum zinc and vitamin D levels in alopecia areata","volume":"21","author":"Sara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_196","first-page":"67","article-title":"Evaluation of Serum Level of Zinc and Biotin in Patients with Alopecia Areata","volume":"5","author":"Mikhael","year":"2020","journal-title":"Benha J. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.IJD_137_18","article-title":"Alopecia Areata Different View; Heavy Metals","volume":"64","author":"Yavuz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2013.25.4.405","article-title":"Analysis of serum zinc and copper concentrations in hair loss","volume":"25","author":"Kil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_199","first-page":"e14738","article-title":"Association Between Vitamin D and Zinc Levels with Alopecia Areata Phenotypes at a Tertiary Care Center","volume":"13","author":"Alamoudi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.1999.pdele65.x","article-title":"Zinc aspartate, biotin, and clobetasol propionate in the treatment of alopecia areata in childhood","volume":"16","author":"Camacho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000150","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9554.1000150","article-title":"Oral Zinc Sulphate in Treatment of Alopecia Areata (Double Blind; Cross-Over Study)","volume":"3","author":"Sharquie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1981.tb15323.x","article-title":"Oral zinc sulphate in alopacia areata\u2014A double blind trial","volume":"104","author":"Ead","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607115572193","article-title":"Safety and Dose Escalation Study of Intravenous Zinc Supplementation in Pediatric Critical Illness","volume":"40","author":"Cvijanovich","year":"2016","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e040580","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-040580","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial for high-dose intravenous zinc as adjunctive therapy in SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) positive critically ill patients: Trial protocol","volume":"10","author":"Perera","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.05.003","article-title":"Zinc aspartate suppresses proliferation and Th1\/Th2\/Th17 cytokine production of pre-activated human T cells in vitro","volume":"49","author":"Guttek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maywald, M., Wessels, I., and Rink, L. (2017). Zinc Signals and Immunity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102222"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-1100-1","article-title":"Zinc enhances the number of regulatory T cells in allergen-stimulated cells from atopic subjects","volume":"56","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_208","unstructured":"Zinc (2022, July 08). Fact Sheet for Health Professionals, Available online: https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Zinc-HealthProfessional\/."},{"key":"ref_209","unstructured":"DGE (2024, July 08). Referenzwerte Fuer Die Naehrstoffzufuhr. Available online: https:\/\/www.dge.de\/wissenschaft\/referenzwerte\/?L=0."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1258\/acb.2011.010266","article-title":"Role of certain trace minerals in oxidative stress, inflammation, CD4\/CD8 lymphocyte ratios and lung function in asthmatic patients","volume":"48","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_211","first-page":"115","article-title":"Skin-protective effects of a zinc oxide-functionalized textile and its relevance for atopic dermatitis","volume":"6","author":"Wiegand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.05435.x","article-title":"The effects of minoxidil, 1% pyrithione zinc and a combination of both on hair density: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"149","author":"Berger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/7\/863\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:19:28Z","timestamp":1760109568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/7\/863"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"references-count":212,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["biom14070863"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom14070863","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]}}}