{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T03:45:17Z","timestamp":1788925517817,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute for AIDS and Infectious Disease (NIAID)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1 R15 AI156879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 R15 AI156879"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute for AIDS and Infectious Disease (NIAID)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5P20GM103427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5P20GM103427"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute for General Medical Science (NIGMS)","award":["1 R15 AI156879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 R15 AI156879"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for General Medical Science (NIGMS)","award":["5P20GM103427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5P20GM103427"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2) is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein of the carnitine shuttle and is involved in the beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acids. Beta-oxidation provides an alternative pathway of energy production during early development and starvation. CPT2 deficiency is a genetic disorder that we recently showed can be associated with schizophrenia. We hypothesize that CPT2 deficiency during early brain development causes transcriptional, structural, and functional abnormalities that may contribute to a CNS environment that is susceptible to the emergence of schizophrenia. To investigate the effect of CPT2 deficiency on early vertebrate development and brain function, CPT2 was knocked down in a zebrafish model system. CPT2 knockdown resulted in abnormal lipid utilization and deposition, reduction in body size, and abnormal brain development. Axonal projections, neurotransmitter synthesis, electrical hyperactivity, and swimming behavior were disrupted in CPT2 knockdown zebrafish. RT-qPCR analyses showed significant increases in the expression of schizophrenia-associated genes in CPT2 knockdown compared to control zebrafish. Taken together, these data demonstrate that zebrafish are a useful model for studying the importance of beta-oxidation for early vertebrate development and brain function. This study also presents novel findings linking CPT2 deficiency to the regulation of schizophrenia and neurodegenerative disease-associated genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14080914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T12:38:20Z","timestamp":1722515900000},"page":"914","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["CPT2 Deficiency Modeled in Zebrafish: Abnormal Neural Development, Electrical Activity, Behavior, and Schizophrenia-Related Gene Expression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3643-2051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carly E.","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron G.","family":"Marta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan D.","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8690-4507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeljka","family":"Korade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68178, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas W.","family":"Mathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delaney","family":"Wilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8716-7211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy","family":"Simeone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Kochvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth L.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0764-3493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly A. F.","family":"Stessman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemarie","family":"Shibata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-59565-2.00013-7","article-title":"Metabolic neuropathies and myopathies","volume":"113","author":"Bertini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64029-1.00022-9","article-title":"Inborn errors of metabolism","volume":"162","author":"Ferreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaffar, S., and Aathirah, A.S. (2023). Fatty-Acid-Binding Proteins: From Lipid Transporters to Disease Biomarkers. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13121753"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaz, F.M., Ferdinandusse, S., Salomons, G.S., and Wanders, R.J.A. (2024). Disorders of fatty acid homeostasis. J. Inherit. Metab. Dis.","DOI":"10.1002\/jimd.12734"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1002\/jimd.12664","article-title":"Fifty years of research on mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation disorders: The remaining challenges","volume":"46","author":"Guffon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2014.06.013","article-title":"Metabolism as a tool for understanding human brain evolution: Lipid energy metabolism as an example","volume":"77","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2017.03.018","article-title":"Brain energy metabolism spurns fatty acids as fuel due to their inherent mitotoxicity and potential capacity to unleash neurodegeneration","volume":"109","author":"Schonfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2009.08.004","article-title":"Acylcarnitines: Role in brain","volume":"49","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2018.02.009","article-title":"Mitochondrial \u03b2-oxidation of saturated fatty acids in humans","volume":"46","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Pan, D., Liu, Q., Chen, X., and Wang, S. (2024). L-Carnitine in the Treatment of Psychiatric and Neurological Manifestations: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16081232"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-017-2288-7","article-title":"L-Carnitine and Acetyl-L-carnitine Roles and Neuroprotection in Developing Brain","volume":"42","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Adam, M.P., Feldman, J., Mirzaa, G.M., Pagon, R.A., Wallace, S.E., Bean, L.J.H., Gripp, K.W., and Amemiya, A. (2004). Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase II Deficiency. GeneReviews\u00ae [Internet], University of Washington."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-012-0296-9","article-title":"Clinically symptomatic heterozygous carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) deficiency","volume":"124","author":"Joshi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"521","article-title":"Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, clinical, biochemical and genetic aspects","volume":"25","author":"Bakker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickramasekara, R.N., Lookian, P.P., Ngo, J., Shibata, A., and Stessman, H.A.F. (2020). Schizophrenic Psychosis Symptoms in a Background of Mild-To-Moderate Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase II Deficiency: A Case Report. Reports, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/reports3040031"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9238-7","article-title":"The Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase (CPT) System and Possible Relevance for Neuropsychiatric and Neurological Conditions","volume":"52","author":"Virmani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0353-x","article-title":"Characterizing acyl-carnitine biosignatures for schizophrenia: A longitudinal pre- and post-treatment study","volume":"9","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mednova, I.A., Chernonosov, A.A., Kornetova, E.G., Semke, A.V., Bokhan, N.A., Koval, V.V., and Ivanova, S.A. (2022). Levels of Acylcarnitines and Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Antipsychotic-Treated Patients with Paranoid Schizophrenia with Metabolic Syndrome. Metabolites, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12090850"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00038.2016","article-title":"Little Fish, Big Data: Zebrafish as a Model for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease","volume":"97","author":"Gut","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.011346","article-title":"The emerging use of zebrafish to model metabolic disease","volume":"6","author":"Seth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12111","article-title":"The zebrafish reference genome sequence and its relationship to the human genome","volume":"496","author":"Howe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfz020","article-title":"The use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as biomedical models","volume":"9","author":"Teame","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Front."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2018-105358","article-title":"Use of zebrafish models to investigate rare human disease","volume":"55","author":"Adamson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med Genet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2013.08.008","article-title":"Zebrafish as a model system for mitochondrial biology and diseases","volume":"163","author":"Steele","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2015.09.017","article-title":"Morpholinos: Antisense and Sensibility","volume":"35","author":"Blum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"e1115","article-title":"Microinjection of zebrafish embryos to analyze gene function","volume":"25","author":"Rosen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prudent, J., Popgeorgiev, N., Bonneau, B., and Gillet, G. (2013). Subcellular fractionation of zebrafish embryos and mitochondrial calcium uptake application. Protoc. Exch.","DOI":"10.1038\/protex.2013.073"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"17.8.1","article-title":"Acylcarnitine analysis by tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"64","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.2895","article-title":"Optimizing methods for the study of intravascular lipid metabolism in zebrafish","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Inohaya, K. (2024, July 01). Staining of Cartilage and Bone in Whole Embryos, Larvae and Adults by Alcian Blue and Alizarin Red. Available online: https:\/\/shigen.nig.ac.jp\/medaka\/medakabook\/index.php?4.4.1+Staining+of+cartilage+and+bone+in+whole+embryos%2C+larvae+and+adults+by+Alcian+blue+and+Alizarin+red."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2021.100709","article-title":"A protocol for whole-mount immuno-coupled hybridization chain reaction (WICHCR) in zebrafish embryos and larvae","volume":"2","author":"Howard","year":"2021","journal-title":"STAR Protoc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basnet, R.M., Zizioli, D., Taweedet, S., Finazzi, D., and Memo, M. (2019). Zebrafish Larvae as a Behavioral Model in Neuropharmacology. Biomedicines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines7010023"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, M., Dhamne, S.C., LaCoursiere, C.M., Tambunan, D., Poduri, A., and Rotenberg, A. (2016). Microarray Noninvasive Neuronal Seizure Recordings from Intact Larval Zebrafish. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159472"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10366","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1900441116","article-title":"Effects of alpha-tubulin acetylation on microtubule structure and stability","volume":"116","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00795-020-00260-8","article-title":"Role of tubulin acetylation in cellular functions and diseases","volume":"53","author":"Hagiwara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Mol. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heap, L.A., Vanwalleghem, G.C., Thompson, A.W., Favre-Bulle, I., Rubinsztein-Dunlop, H., and Scott, E.K. (2018). Hypothalamic Projections to the Optic Tectum in Larval Zebrafish. Front. Neuroanat., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2017.00135"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10544","article-title":"Catecholaminergic systems in the zebrafish. IV. Organization and projection pattern of dopaminergic neurons in the diencephalon","volume":"460","author":"Ma","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.12.6.717","article-title":"The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus\u2014A potential target for integrative treatment of autonomic dysfunction","volume":"12","author":"Ferguson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3458","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2018-00453","article-title":"The Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus: Development, Function, and Human Diseases","volume":"159","author":"Qin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19970519)381:4<411::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Catecholaminergic systems in the zebrafish. III. Organization and projection pattern of medullary dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons","volume":"381","author":"Ma","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perez-Costas, E., Melendez-Ferro, M., Rice, M.W., Conley, R.R., and Roberts, R.C. (2012). Dopamine pathology in schizophrenia: Analysis of total and phosphorylated hydroxylase in the substantia nigra. Front. Psychiatry, 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2012.00031"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22451","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.485227","article-title":"Zebrafish tyrosine hydroxylase 2 gene encodes tryptophan hydroxylase","volume":"288","author":"Ren","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-014-0901-y","article-title":"Mapping dopaminergic deficiencies in the substantia nigra\/ventral tegmental area in schizophrenia","volume":"221","author":"Rice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawahata, I., and Fukunaga, K. (2023). Pathogenic Impact of Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins in Parkinson\u2019s Disease-Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242317037"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2021.12.003","article-title":"Impact of fatty acid-binding proteins and dopamine receptors on alpha-synucleinopathy","volume":"148","author":"Kawahata","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altburger, C., Holzhauser, J., and Driever, W. (2023). CRISPR\/Cas9-based QF2 knock-in at the tyrosine hydroxylase (th) locus reveals novel th-expressing neuron populations in the zebrafish mid- and hindbrain. Front. Neuroanat., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2023.1196868"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.11.041","article-title":"On the edge: Pharmacological evidence for anxiety-related behavior in zebrafish larvae","volume":"228","author":"Richendrfer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanada, T. (2020). Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Epilepsy: A Review Focusing on AMPA and NMDA Receptors. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030464"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Jewett, B.E., and Thapa, B. (2024). Physiology, NMDA Receptor, StatPearls Publishing LLC."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2009.04.003","article-title":"Knockdown and overexpression of NR1 modulates NMDA receptor function","volume":"41","author":"Symes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"699","article-title":"The Synaptic Function of alpha-Synuclein","volume":"5","author":"Burre","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.12.044","article-title":"Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 regulates neuronal progenitor proliferation via modulation of GSK3beta\/beta-catenin signaling","volume":"136","author":"Mao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddg341","article-title":"Haplotype transmission analysis provides evidence of association for DISC1 to schizophrenia and suggests sex-dependent effects","volume":"12","author":"Hennah","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1377.018","article-title":"Disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 (DISC1): A key susceptibility factor for major mental illnesses","volume":"1086","author":"Sawamura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.4161\/pri.18989","article-title":"Aggregated proteins in schizophrenia and other chronic mental diseases: DISC1opathies","volume":"6","author":"Korth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prion"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidovic, M., and Rikalovic, M.G. (2022). Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation Pathway in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Current Status and Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11111732"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2018.06.020","article-title":"Lipid vesicles affect the aggregation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified alpha-synuclein oligomers","volume":"1864","author":"Ollinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joshi, P.R., and Zierz, S. (2020). Muscle Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) Deficiency: A Conceptual Approach. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25081784"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Adam, M.P., Feldman, J., Mirzaa, G.M., Pagon, R.A., Wallace, S.E., Bean, L.J.H., Gripp, K.W., and Amemiya, A. (2004). Carnitine-Acylcarnitine Translocase Deficiency. GeneReviews\u00ae [Internet], University of Washington."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almannai, M., Alfadhel, M., and El-Hattab, A.W. (2019). Carnitine Inborn Errors of Metabolism. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24183251"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2016.01.023","article-title":"Carnitine transport and fatty acid oxidation","volume":"1863","author":"Longo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-016-9915-3","article-title":"Unique plasma metabolomic signatures of individuals with inherited disorders of long-chain fatty acid oxidation","volume":"39","author":"McCoin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2020.09.001","article-title":"Effects of fasting, feeding and exercise on plasma acylcarnitines among subjects with CPT2D, VLCADD and LCHADD\/TFPD","volume":"131","author":"Elizondo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-018-1375-3","article-title":"Unbiased lipidomic profiling reveals metabolomic changes during the onset and antipsychotics treatment of schizophrenia disease","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-018-0183-2","article-title":"Zebrafish as a Model for Toxicological Perturbation of Yolk and Nutrition in the Early Embryo","volume":"5","author":"Sant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2022.12.008","article-title":"The substantia nigra in the pathology of schizophrenia: A review on post-mortem and molecular imaging findings","volume":"68","author":"Bosch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.12.004","article-title":"Substantia nigra ultrastructural pathology in schizophrenia","volume":"197","author":"Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brisch, R., Saniotis, A., Wolf, R., Bielau, H., Bernstein, H.G., Steiner, J., Bogerts, B., Braun, K., Jankowski, Z., and Kumaratilake, J. (2014). The role of dopamine in schizophrenia from a neurobiological and evolutionary perspective: Old fashioned, but still in vogue. Front. Psychiatry, 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00110"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, X., Ding, M., Xuan, J.-F., Xing, J.-X., Pang, H., Wang, B.-J., and Yao, J. (2018). Polymorphisms in the human serotonin receptor 1B (HTR1B) gene are associated with schizophrenia: A case control study. BMC Psychiatry, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1849-x"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, X., Ding, M., Xuan, J.-F., Xing, J.-X., Yao, J., Wu, X., and Wang, B.-J. (2020). Functional polymorphisms and transcriptional analysis in the 5\u2032 region of the human serotonin receptor 1B gene (HTR1B) and their associations with psychiatric disorders. BMC Psychiatry, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02906-4"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brasso, C., Colli, G., Sgro, R., Bellino, S., Bozzatello, P., Montemagni, C., Villari, V., and Rocca, P. (2023). Efficacy of Serotonin and Dopamine Activity Modulators in the Treatment of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: A Rapid Review. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11030921"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gosso, F.M., de Geus, E.J.C., Polderman, T.J.C., Boomsma, D.I., Posthuma, D., and Heutink, P. (2007). Exploring the functional role of the CHRM2 gene in human cognition: Results from a dense genotyping and brain expression study. BMC Med. Genet., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-8-66"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.12.016","article-title":"Measuring thigmotaxis in larval zebrafish","volume":"228","author":"Schnorr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Abreu, M.S., Demin, K.A., Kotova, M.M., Mirzaei, F., Shariff, S., Kantawala, B., Zakharchenko, K.V., Kolesnikova, T.O., Dilbaryan, K., and Grigoryan, A. (2023). Developing Novel Experimental Models of m-TORopathic Epilepsy and Related Neuropathologies: Translational Insights from Zebrafish. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021530"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7243","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15694","article-title":"Past, present and future of zebrafish in epilepsy research","volume":"288","author":"Yaksi","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"3S57","article-title":"Role of carnitine and fatty acid oxidation and its defects in infantile epilepsy","volume":"17","author":"Tein","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2011.05.022","article-title":"Fatty acid oxidation and epilepsy","volume":"100","author":"Auvin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2024.110972","article-title":"Investigating cortical excitability and inhibition in patients with schizophrenia: A TMS-EEG study","volume":"212","author":"Santoro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell, P. (2008). Increased Cortical Excitability as a Critical Element in Schizophrenia Pathophysiology, Springer. Available online: http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-0-387-74351-6_11."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.06.017","article-title":"Decreased interhemispheric connectivity and increased cortical excitability in unmedicated schizophrenia: A prefrontal interleaved TMS fMRI study","volume":"13","author":"Webler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz127","article-title":"Impaired attentional modulation of sensorimotor control and cortical excitability in schizophrenia","volume":"142","author":"Carment","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sivakumar, S., Ghasemi, M., and Schachter, S.C. (2022). Targeting NMDA Receptor Complex in Management of Epilepsy. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15101297"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15886","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4505-11.2012","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental role for VGLUT2 in pyramidal neuron plasticity, dendritic refinement, and in spatial learning","volume":"32","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp133","article-title":"Vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT1 has a role in hippocampal long-term potentiation and spatial reversal learning","volume":"20","author":"Balschun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819973-2.00008-3","article-title":"The implications of hypothalamic abnormalities for schizophrenia","volume":"182","author":"Bernstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.12989","article-title":"The mitochondrial transcription factor TFAM in neurodegeneration: Emerging evidence and mechanisms","volume":"592","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-020-00812-1","article-title":"Adipose tissue, immune aging, and cellular senescence","volume":"Volume 42","author":"Frasca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Seminars in Immunopathology"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5661","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19501-6","article-title":"FABP3-mediated membrane lipid saturation alters fluidity and induces ER stress in skeletal muscle with aging","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18957","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.527341","article-title":"FABP3 protein promotes alpha-synuclein oligomerization associated with 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropiridine-induced neurotoxicity","volume":"289","author":"Shioda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2302044","article-title":"FABP2 is Involved in Intestinal alpha-Synuclein Pathologies","volume":"23","author":"Sekimori","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, J., Wang, L., Ren, X., Zhang, Y., and Zhang, H. (2019). LRPPRC: A Multifunctional Protein Involved in Energy Metabolism and Human Disease. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00595"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2018.11.002","article-title":"Mitochondrial dynamics, a key executioner in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"47","author":"Panchal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.002642","article-title":"The physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of dopamine receptors","volume":"63","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121ra20","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002566","article-title":"Phosphorylated alpha-synuclein in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawahata, I., Finkelstein, D.I., and Fukunaga, K. (2022). Pathogenic Impact of alpha-Synuclein Phosphorylation and Its Kinases in alpha-Synucleinopathies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116216"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarchione, A., Marchand, A., Taymans, J.-M., and Chartier-Harlin, M.-C. (2021). Alpha-Synuclein and Lipids: The Elephant in the Room?. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092452"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, A., Jia, W., Kawahata, I., and Fukunaga, K. (2021). Impact of Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins in alpha-Synuclein-Induced Mitochondrial Injury in Synucleinopathy. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9050560"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"1573","article-title":"Perinatal exposure to pesticides alters synaptic plasticity signaling and induces behavioral deficits associated with neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"39","author":"Cuartero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costas-Ferreira, C., Dur\u00e1n, R., and Faro, L.R.F. (2022). Toxic Effects of Glyphosate on the Nervous System: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094605"}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/8\/914\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:24:43Z","timestamp":1760109883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/8\/914"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["biom14080914"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom14080914","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]}}}