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American cutaneous leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by a parasite that affects the skin and mucous membranes, leading to one or multiple ulcerative lesions. Chronic inflammation and functional changes in various organs and systems, including the immune system, are the primary causes of both diseases. Melatonin, an essential immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective agent, can benefit many immunological processes and infectious diseases, including leishmaniasis. Although, limited reports are available on diabetic patients with leishmaniasis. The literature suggests that melatonin may play a promising role in inflammatory disorders. This study was designed to assess melatonin levels and inflammatory mediators in diabetic patients affected by leishmaniasis. Blood samples from 25 individuals were analyzed and divided into four groups: a control group (without any diseases), a Leishmania-positive group, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and patients with a combination of both diseases. This study measured the serum levels of melatonin through ELISA, while IL-4 and TNF-\u03b1 were measured using flow cytometry, and C-reactive protein was measured through turbidimetry. This study found that patients with leishmaniasis significantly increased TNF-\u03b1 and decreased melatonin levels. However, the group of diabetic patients with leishmaniasis showed higher melatonin levels than the control group. These observations suggest that TNF-\u03b1 may influence melatonin production in patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis, potentially contributing to the inflammatory characteristics of both diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14080950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T11:54:19Z","timestamp":1722945259000},"page":"950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Role of Melatonin in the Inflammatory Process in Patients with Hyperglycemia and Leishmania Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Thalissa Mariana de Moraes","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Gar\u00e7as 78605-091, MT, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe Rubin","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Gar\u00e7as 78605-091, MT, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9185-7429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriele Ataides","family":"de Queiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Gar\u00e7as 78605-091, MT, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Let\u00edcia Damas Le\u00e3o","family":"Dalcin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Gar\u00e7as 78605-091, MT, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4921-4064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle Cristina Honorio","family":"Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Gar\u00e7as 78605-091, MT, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adenilda Cristina","family":"Hon\u00f3rio-Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Gar\u00e7as 78605-091, MT, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Luz\u00eda","family":"Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Gar\u00e7as 78605-091, MT, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9971-1288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danny Laura Gomes","family":"Fagundes-Triches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Gar\u00e7as 78605-091, MT, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Magliano, D.J., and Boyko, E.J. 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