{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T18:10:55Z","timestamp":1780596655865,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"intrinsic funding of the UASKL"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pregnancy is a particularly vulnerable period for the growing fetus, when exposure to toxic agents, especially in the early phases, can decisively harm embryo development and compromise the future health of the newborn. The inclusion of various chemical substances in personal care products (PCPs) and cosmetic formulations can be associated with disruption and damage to the nervous system. Microplastics, benzophenones, parabens, phthalates and metals are among the most common chemical substances found in cosmetics that have been shown to induce neurotoxic mechanisms. Although cosmetic neurotoxin exposure is believed to be minimal, different exposure scenarios of cosmetics suggest that these neurotoxins remain a threat. Special attention should be paid to early exposure in the first weeks of gestation, when critical processes, like the migration and proliferation of the neural crest derived cells, start to form the ENS. Importantly, cosmetic neurotoxins can cross the placental barrier and affect the future embryo, but they are also secreted in breast milk, so babies remain exposed for longer periods, even after birth. In this review, we explore how neurotoxins contained in cosmetics and PCPs may have a role in the pathogenesis of various neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases and, therefore, also in congenital enteric aganglionosis as well as in postnatal motility disorders. Understanding the mechanisms of these chemicals used in cosmetic formulations and their role in neurotoxicity is crucial to determining the safety of use for cosmetic products during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14080984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T06:23:05Z","timestamp":1723616585000},"page":"984","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Use of Cosmetics in Pregnancy and Neurotoxicity: Can It Increase the Risk of Congenital Enteric Neuropathies?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kendra","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cTranslational Medical Research\u201d Master Program, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8574-1403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas M.","family":"Wessel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl-Herbert","family":"Sch\u00e4fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Working Group Enteric Nervous Systems (AGENS), University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Amerikastrasse 1, 66482 Kaiserslautern, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6578-6495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda \u00c1ngeles","family":"Tapia-Laliena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200003000-00058","article-title":"Beauty and the Body: The Origins of Cosmetics","volume":"105","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.03.261","article-title":"An Insight into Toxicity and Human-Health-Related Adverse Consequences of Cosmeceuticals\u2014A Review","volume":"670","author":"Bilal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2024, August 06). U.S Food & Drug Administraton\u2014Cosmetics, Available online: https:\/\/www.Fda.Gov\/Cosmetics."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2024, August 06). Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS). Available online: https:\/\/health.ec.europa.eu\/scientific-committees\/scientific-committee-consumer-safety-sccs_en."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"European Commission (2024, August 06). CosIng Database. Available online: https:\/\/Ec.Europa.Eu\/Growth\/Tools-Databases\/Cosing\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3129","article-title":"Metals in Cosmetics: Implications for Human Health","volume":"35","author":"Borowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.116179","article-title":"Environment Permissible Concentrations of Glyphosate in Drinking Water Can Influence the Fate of Neural Stem Cells from the Subventricular Zone of the Postnatal Mouse","volume":"270","author":"Masood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-020-00358-y","article-title":"The Plastic Brain: Neurotoxicity of Micro- and Nanoplastics","volume":"17","author":"Meijer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"516","article-title":"A Critical Review of the Neurotoxicity of Styrene in Humans","volume":"35","author":"Pahwa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Hum. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2024.153799","article-title":"The Effects of Micro- and Nanoplastics on the Central Nervous System: A New Threat to Humanity?","volume":"504","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.12.010","article-title":"Polystyrene Nanoplastics (20 Nm) Are Able to Bioaccumulate and Cause Oxidative DNA Damages in the Brain Tissue of Zebrafish Embryo (Danio Rerio)","volume":"77","author":"Sulukan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134817","article-title":"Toxicity Comparison between Pristine and Sulfonate Modified Nanopolystyrene Particles in Affecting Locomotion Behavior, Sensory Perception, and Neuronal Development in Caenorhabditis Elegans","volume":"703","author":"Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cubas, A.L.V., Bianchet, R.T., Reis, I.M.A.S.d., and Gouveia, I.C. (2022). Plastics and Microplastic in the Cosmetic Industry: Aggregating Sustainable Actions Aimed at Alignment and Interaction with UN Sustainable Development Goals. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14214576"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14202-1","article-title":"Maternal Paraben Exposure Triggers Childhood Overweight Development","volume":"11","author":"Leppert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.124370","article-title":"Environmental Pollution of Paraben Needs Attention: A Study of Methylparaben and Butylparaben Co-Exposure Trigger Neurobehavioral Toxicity in Zebrafish","volume":"356","author":"Xiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2022.106279","article-title":"Chronic Exposure to Butyl-Paraben Causes Photosensitivity Disruption and Memory Impairment in Adult Zebrafish","volume":"251","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.10.027","article-title":"Interplay between Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Brain Oxidative Stress Biomarkers: Evidence of Parallels between Butyl Paraben Intoxication and the Valproic Acid Brain Physiopathology in Autism Rat Model","volume":"71","author":"Hegazy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO04347A","article-title":"Chronic Exposure to Parabens Promotes Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Association with the Changes of the Gut Microbiota and Lipid Metabolism","volume":"15","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.09.019","article-title":"The Relationship between Prenatal Exposure to BP-3 and Hirschsprung\u2019s Disease","volume":"144","author":"Huo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.130670","article-title":"Benzophenone-3 Induced Abnormal Development of Enteric Nervous System in Zebrafish through MAPK\/ERK Signaling Pathway","volume":"280","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168403","article-title":"Long-Term Effects of Embryonic Exposure to Benzophenone-3 on Neurotoxicity and Behavior of Adult Zebrafish","volume":"908","author":"Moreira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4820","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1401-5","article-title":"Prenatal Exposure to Benzophenone-3 Impairs Autophagy, Disrupts RXRs\/PPAR\u03b3 Signaling, and Alters Epigenetic and Post-Translational Statuses in Brain Neurons","volume":"56","author":"Wnuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tseng, I.-L., Yang, Y.-F., Yu, C.-W., Li, W.-H., and Liao, V.H.-C. (2013). Phthalates Induce Neurotoxicity Affecting Locomotor and Thermotactic Behaviors and AFD Neurons through Oxidative Stress in Caenorhabditis Elegans. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082657"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-016-9665-x","article-title":"Dibutyl Phthalate (DBP)-Induced Apoptosis and Neurotoxicity Are Mediated via the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) but not by Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ER\u03b1), Estrogen Receptor Beta (ER\u03b2), or Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPAR\u03b3) in Mouse Cortical Neurons","volume":"31","author":"Szychowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-018-0341-0","article-title":"Neurochemical Alterations Following the Exposure to Di-n-Butyl Phthalate in Rats","volume":"34","author":"Kassab","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S., Sharma, P., Pal, N., Kumawat, M., Shubham, S., Sarma, D.K., Tiwari, R.R., Kumar, M., and Nagpal, R. (2022). Impact of Environmental Pollutants on Gut Microbiome and Mental Health via the Gut\u2013Brain Axis. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10071457"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-018-0428-4","article-title":"Prenatal Exposure to Phthalates and Autism Spectrum Disorder in the MARBLES Study","volume":"17","author":"Shin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-013-9392-5","article-title":"The Role of Autophagy Dysregulation in Manganese-Induced Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01511.x","article-title":"The Copper Chelator D-Penicillamine Delays Onset of Disease and Extends Survival in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Hottinger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7612172","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7612172","article-title":"Mechanisms and Disease Pathogenesis Underlying Metal-Induced Oxidative Stress","volume":"2018","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2014.01.001","article-title":"Copper, Aluminum, Iron and Calcium Inhibit Human Acetylcholinesterase in Vitro","volume":"37","author":"Pohanka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33380","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.268409","article-title":"Enhanced Autophagy from Chronic Toxicity of Iron and Mutant A53T \u03b1-Synuclein","volume":"286","author":"Chew","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2013.05.001","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of Dibutyl Phthalate in Brain Development Following Perinatal Exposure: A Study in Rats","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540701222906","article-title":"Calcium, Iron and Neuronal Function","volume":"59","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2007","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"RA57","article-title":"Cellular Mechanisms of Lead Neurotoxicity","volume":"12","author":"Garza","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)01193-2","article-title":"Lead Increases Tetrodotoxin-Insensitive Spontaneous Release of Glutamate and GABA from Hippocampal Neurons","volume":"826","author":"Braga","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2014.02.003","article-title":"Toxic Metals Contained in Cosmetics: A Status Report","volume":"68","author":"Bocca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.12.001","article-title":"Safety Assessment of Personal Care Products\/Cosmetics and Their Ingredients","volume":"243","author":"Nohynek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2016.01.005","article-title":"Assessing the Safety of Cosmetic Chemicals: Consideration of a Flux Decision Tree to Predict Dermally Delivered Systemic Dose for Comparison with Oral TTC (Threshold of Toxicological Concern)","volume":"76","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.122311","article-title":"Noxious Ramifications of Cosmetic Pollutants on Gastrointestinal Microbiome: A Pathway to Neurological Disorders","volume":"336","author":"Kiran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-100108512","article-title":"Neurotoxicology of the Brain Barrier System: New Implications","volume":"39","author":"Zheng","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2017.01.041","article-title":"Assessment of Parabens and Ultraviolet Filters in Human Placenta Tissue by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"1487","author":"Ballesteros","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"73","article-title":"Developing Brain as a Target of Toxicity","volume":"103","author":"Rodier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2018.12.014","article-title":"Placental Metal Concentrations and Birth Outcomes: The Environment and Childhood (INMA) Project","volume":"222","author":"Freire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.273","article-title":"Prenatal Co-Exposure to Neurotoxic Metals and Neurodevelopment in Preschool Children: The Environment and Childhood (INMA) Project","volume":"621","author":"Freire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108378","article-title":"Prenatal Phenol and Paraben Exposures and Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Prospective Analysis of U.S. Births","volume":"183","author":"Trasande","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150437","article-title":"Concentrations of Bisphenols, Parabens, and Benzophenones in Human Breast Milk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"806","author":"Peinado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aengenheister, L., Keevend, K., Muoth, C., Sch\u00f6nenberger, R., Diener, L., Wick, P., and Buerki-Thurnherr, T. (2018). An Advanced Human in Vitro Co-Culture Model for Translocation Studies across the Placental Barrier. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23410-6"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2020). Campanale; Massarelli; Savino; Locaputo; Uricchio A Detailed Review Study on Potential Effects of Microplastics and Additives of Concern on Human Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041212"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106274","article-title":"Plasticenta: First Evidence of Microplastics in Human Placenta","volume":"146","author":"Ragusa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159820","article-title":"Infant Exposure to Parabens, Triclosan, and Triclocarban via Breastfeeding and Formula Supplementing in Southern China","volume":"858","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2019.02.014","article-title":"Can Oxybenzone Cause Hirschsprung\u2019s Disease?","volume":"86","author":"DiNardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Raamsdonk, L.W.D., van der Zande, M., Koelmans, A.A., Hoogenboom, R.L.A.P., Peters, R.J.B., Groot, M.J., Peijnenburg, A.A.C.M., and Weesepoel, Y.J.A. (2020). Current Insights into Monitoring, Bioaccumulation, and Potential Health Effects of Microplastics Present in the Food Chain. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9010072"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, Y., Zhang, Y., Lemos, B., and Ren, H. (2017). Tissue Accumulation of Microplastics in Mice and Biomarker Responses Suggest Widespread Health Risks of Exposure. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46687"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y.J., Kim, J.Y., Lee, D.Y., Park, K.J., Kim, G.H., Kim, J.E., Roh, G.S., Lim, J.Y., Koo, S., and Lim, N.K. (2020). Alcohol Consumption before Pregnancy Causes Detrimental Fetal Development and Maternal Metabolic Disorders. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66971-1"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11753","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1922287117","article-title":"Maternal Glyphosate Exposure Causes Autism-like Behaviors in Offspring through Increased Expression of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase","volume":"117","author":"Pu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113122","article-title":"Maternal Exposure to Different Sizes of Polystyrene Microplastics during Gestation Causes Metabolic Disorders in Their Offspring","volume":"255","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01465-9","article-title":"The Association between Analgesic Drug Use in Pregnancy and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Protocol for an Umbrella Review","volume":"9","author":"Kwok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2020.110231","article-title":"Maternal Use of Antidepressants during Pregnancy and Risks for Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"137","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050313X2095298","DOI":"10.1177\/2050313X20952981","article-title":"Venlafaxine-Induced Encephalopathy in Term Newborn","volume":"8","author":"Maalouli","year":"2020","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2018-00024","article-title":"Oxybenzone Alters Mammary Gland Morphology in Mice Exposed During Pregnancy and Lactation","volume":"2","author":"LaPlante","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Zheng, J., Wang, H., Huang, G., Huang, Q., Feng, N., and Xiao, J. (2019). Maternal Cosmetics Use during Pregnancy and Risks of Adverse Outcomes: A Prospective Cohort Study. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44546-z"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115583","article-title":"Use of Personal Care Products during Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes\u2014A Pilot Study","volume":"225","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marie, C., Cabut, S., Vendittelli, F., and Sauvant-Rochat, M.-P. (2016). Changes in Cosmetics Use during Pregnancy and Risk Perception by Women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13040383"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Giorgio, R., Bianco, F., Latorre, R., Caio, G., Clavenzani, P., and Bonora, E. (2016). Enteric Neuropathies: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow. The Enteric Nervous System, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-27592-5_12"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2018.07.011","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Neuropathies","volume":"47","author":"Pesce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2013.18","article-title":"De New Perspectives in the Diagnosis and Management of Enteric Neuropathies","volume":"10","author":"Knowles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.149","article-title":"Hirschsprung Disease\u2014Integrating Basic Science and Clinical Medicine to Improve Outcomes","volume":"15","author":"Heuckeroth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.01.006","article-title":"Enteric Nervous System Development: A Crest Cell\u2019s Journey from Neural Tube to Colon","volume":"66","author":"Nagy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00452.2012","article-title":"Enteric Nervous System Development: Migration, Differentiation, and Disease","volume":"305","author":"Lake","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-006-1639-2","article-title":"Long-Term Outcome of Patients with Enterocolitis Complicating Hirschsprung\u2019s Disease","volume":"22","author":"Menezes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.13615","article-title":"What Is New about the Genetic Background of Hirschsprung Disease?","volume":"97","author":"Torroglosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.09.012","article-title":"Identification of Genes Associated with Hirschsprung Disease, Based on Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis, and Potential Effects on Enteric Nervous System Development","volume":"155","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.11.006","article-title":"Even When You Know Everything, There Is Still More to Learn About Hirschsprung Disease","volume":"155","author":"Heuckeroth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4323","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI85003","article-title":"Hirschsprung\u2019s Disease, Down Syndrome, and Missing Heritability: Too Much Collagen Slows Migration","volume":"125","author":"Heuckeroth","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"16","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders in Children","volume":"10","author":"Ambartsumyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"140","article-title":"Pediatric Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders: Challenges and a Clinical Update","volume":"4","author":"Chumpitazi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00385-2","article-title":"Disorders of the Enteric Nervous System\u2014A Holistic View","volume":"18","author":"Niesler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2017.07.010","article-title":"Development of the Gut Microbiota in Infancy and Its Impact on Health in Later Life","volume":"66","author":"Tanaka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miko, E., Csaszar, A., Bodis, J., and Kovacs, K. (2022). The Maternal\u2013Fetal Gut Microbiota Axis: Physiological Changes, Dietary Influence, and Modulation Possibilities. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12030424"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.353","article-title":"Impacts of Polystyrene Microplastic on the Gut Barrier, Microbiota and Metabolism of Mice","volume":"649","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.12.088","article-title":"Polystyrene Microplastics Induce Microbiota Dysbiosis and Inflammation in the Gut of Adult Zebrafish","volume":"235","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.02.380","article-title":"Interaction between Microplastics and Microorganism as Well as Gut Microbiota: A Consideration on Environmental Animal and Human Health","volume":"667","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.01.023","article-title":"Prenatal Exposure to Benzophenones, Parabens and Triclosan and Neurocognitive Development at 2  years","volume":"126","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108671","article-title":"Association between Parabens Exposure and Neurodevelopment in Children","volume":"188","author":"Tung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2004.05.010","article-title":"Motor Hyperactivity Caused by a Deficit in Dopaminergic Neurons and the Effects of Endocrine Disruptors: A Study Inspired by the Physiological Roles of PACAP in the Brain","volume":"123","author":"Masuo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2016.05.013","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Mediates Dibutyl Phthalateinduced Anxiety-like Behavior in Kunming Mice","volume":"45","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.01.003","article-title":"Patterns of Levels of Biological Metals in CSF Differ among Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"303","author":"Hozumi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109122","article-title":"Prenatal Exposure to Mixtures of Heavy Metals and Neurodevelopment in Infants at 6 Months","volume":"182","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1330","article-title":"Neurodegenerative Diseases and Oxidative Stress","volume":"3","author":"Barnham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-012-9547-x","article-title":"Metal Concentrations in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood Plasma from Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"151","author":"Roos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2019.03.007","article-title":"Microplastics in Cosmetics: Environmental Issues and Needs for Global Bans","volume":"68","author":"Guerranti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140218","article-title":"Incidence of Microplastics in Personal Care Products: An Appreciable Part of Plastic Pollution","volume":"742","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.11.017","article-title":"Risk Assessment for Migration of Styrene Oligomers into Food from Polystyrene Food Containers","volume":"124","author":"Gelbke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kopatz, V., Wen, K., Kov\u00e1cs, T., Keimowitz, A.S., Pichler, V., Widder, J., Vethaak, A.D., Holl\u00f3czki, O., and Kenner, L. (2023). Micro- and Nanoplastics Breach the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier (BBB): Biomolecular Corona\u2019s Role Revealed. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13081404"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134261","article-title":"Polystyrene Nanoplastics Penetrate across the Blood-Brain Barrier and Induce Activation of Microglia in the Brain of Mice","volume":"298","author":"Shan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134706","article-title":"Mechanisms of Ingested Polystyrene Micro-Nanoplastics (MNPs) Uptake and Translocation in an in Vitro Tri-Culture Small Intestinal Epithelium","volume":"473","author":"DeLoid","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.07.065","article-title":"Accumulation of Different Shapes of Microplastics Initiates Intestinal Injury and Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in the Gut of Zebrafish","volume":"236","author":"Qiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-021-00452-9","article-title":"Butylparaben Induces the Neuronal Death Through the ER Stress-Mediated Apoptosis of Primary Cortical Neurons","volume":"40","author":"Ko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115704","article-title":"Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Differences in Developmental Neurotoxicity Mechanism of Methyl-, Ethyl-, and Propyl- Parabens in Zebrafish Embryos","volume":"268","author":"Tran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100552","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-29426-4","article-title":"The Association of Bisphenol A and Paraben Exposure with Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Children","volume":"30","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171386","article-title":"Single and Combined Exposures to Bisphenol A and Benzophenone-3 during Early Mouse Pregnancy Have Differential Effects on Fetal and Placental Development","volume":"922","author":"Fischer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)01356-2","article-title":"Chemical Oxidation and DNA Damage Catalysed by Inorganic Sunscreen Ingredients","volume":"418","author":"Dunford","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2007.00619.x","article-title":"Ultraviolet B-induced Alterations of the Skin Barrier and Epidermal Calcium Gradient","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raj, S., Jose, S., Sumod, U., and Sabitha, M. (2012). Nanotechnology in Cosmetics: Opportunities and Challenges. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.99016"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2004.017590","article-title":"Phthalates and human health","volume":"62","author":"Hauser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2007.07.011","article-title":"Phthalates: Toxicology and Exposure","volume":"210","author":"Heudorf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2009.05.004","article-title":"Effects of Plasticizers and Their Mixtures on Estrogen Receptor and Thyroid Hormone Functions","volume":"189","author":"Ghisari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6863","DOI":"10.1021\/es101254c","article-title":"Dibutyl Phthalate Contributes to the Thyroid Receptor Antagonistic Activity in Drinking Water Processes","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2797(94)90002-7","article-title":"Effects of Clofibrate, Phthalates and Probucol on Ubiquinone Levels","volume":"91","author":"Zhang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.07.034","article-title":"Phthalates Exposure and Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder in School-Age Children","volume":"66","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901470","article-title":"Prenatal Phthalate Exposure Is Associated with Childhood Behavior and Executive Functioning","volume":"118","author":"Engel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(00)80077-3","article-title":"What Is Oxidative Stress?","volume":"49","author":"Betteridge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1021\/tx700210j","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Neurotoxicity","volume":"21","author":"Sayre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24438","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms141224438","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barber, C.N., and Raben, D.M. (2019). Lipid Metabolism Crosstalk in the Brain: Glia and Neurons. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00212"}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/8\/984\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:34:29Z","timestamp":1760110469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/8\/984"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["biom14080984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom14080984","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]]}}}