{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T13:32:31Z","timestamp":1789133551620,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82273391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82273391"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ovarian cancer remains a leading cause of death among gynecological cancers, largely due to its propensity for peritoneal metastasis and the development of drug resistance. This review concentrates on the molecular underpinnings of these two critical challenges. We delve into the role of exosomes, the nano-sized vesicles integral to cellular communication, in orchestrating the complex interactions within the tumor microenvironment that facilitate metastatic spread and thwart therapeutic efforts. Specifically, we explore how exosomes drive peritoneal metastasis by promoting epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition in peritoneal mesothelial cells, altering the extracellular matrix, and supporting angiogenesis, which collectively enable the dissemination of cancer cells across the peritoneal cavity. Furthermore, we dissect the mechanisms by which exosomes contribute to the emergence of drug resistance, including the sequestration and expulsion of chemotherapeutic agents, the horizontal transfer of drug resistance genes, and the modulation of critical DNA repair and apoptotic pathways. By shedding light on these exosome-mediated processes, we underscore the potential of exosomal pathways as novel therapeutic targets, offering hope for more effective interventions against ovarian cancer\u2019s relentless progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14091099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T06:51:17Z","timestamp":1725259877000},"page":"1099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Exosomes: Key Factors in Ovarian Cancer Peritoneal Metastasis and Drug Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9476-5308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People\u2019s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunran","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8346-0155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiling","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6951-3467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Wai","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen & Longgang District People\u2019s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China"},{"name":"School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21763","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2023","volume":"73","author":"Siegel","year":"2023","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-022-01703-9","article-title":"Tumor-secreted exosomal miR-141 activates tumor-stroma interactions and controls premetastatic niche formation in ovarian cancer metastasis","volume":"22","author":"Mo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(06)70939-1","article-title":"Mechanisms of transcoelomic metastasis in ovarian cancer","volume":"7","author":"Tan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-01967-3","article-title":"Drug resistance in ovarian cancer: From mechanism to clinical trial","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc4019","article-title":"Rethinking ovarian cancer II: Reducing mortality from high-grade serous ovarian cancer","volume":"15","author":"Bowtell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pascual-Ant\u00f3n, L., Carde\u00f1es, B., Sainz de la Cuesta, R., Gonz\u00e1lez-Cortijo, L., L\u00f3pez-Cabrera, M., Caba\u00f1as, C., and Sandoval, P. (2021). Mesothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Exosomes in Peritoneal Metastasis of Ovarian Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111496"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimizu, A., Sawada, K., and Kimura, T. (2020). Pathophysiological Role and Potential Therapeutic Exploitation of Exosomes in Ovarian Cancer. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040814"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau6977","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977","article-title":"The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes","volume":"367","author":"Kalluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.05.027","article-title":"Exosomes: Large-scale production, isolation, drug loading efficiency, and biodistribution and uptake","volume":"347","author":"Oncel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Control. Release Off. J. Control. Release Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.53671","article-title":"Regulation of exosome production and cargo sorting","volume":"17","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-0991-5","article-title":"Exosomes: Composition, biogenesis, and mechanisms in cancer metastasis and drug resistance","volume":"18","author":"Mashouri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2016.10.009","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer: Cell-to-Cell Mediators of Metastasis","volume":"30","author":"Becker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI81135","article-title":"The biology and function of exosomes in cancer","volume":"126","author":"Kalluri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.100105","article-title":"Ovarian cancer development and metastasis","volume":"177","author":"Lengyel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03490-5","article-title":"Exosomes in ovarian cancer ascites promote epithelial\u2014Mesenchymal transition of ovarian cancer cells by delivery of miR-6780b-5p","volume":"12","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onallah, H., Mannully, S.T., Davidson, B., and Reich, R. (2022). Exosome Secretion and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Ovarian Cancer Are Regulated by Phospholipase D. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113286"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-021-01463-y","article-title":"Cancer associated-fibroblast-derived exosomes in cancer progression","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2015.12.005","article-title":"Signaling by Extracellular Vesicles Advances Cancer Hallmarks","volume":"2","author":"Kanada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"3376","article-title":"Identification of exosomal and non-exosomal microRNAs associated with the drug resistance of ovarian cancer","volume":"19","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2018.07.003","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and anti-cancer drug resistance","volume":"1870","author":"Namee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BAA)-Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.83264","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles carrying miR-6836 derived from resistant tumor cells transfer cisplatin resistance of epithelial ovarian cancer via DLG2-YAP1 signaling pathway","volume":"19","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2023.06.006","article-title":"The ins-and-outs of exosome biogenesis, secretion, and internalization","volume":"34","author":"Arya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da\u00dfler-Plenker, J., K\u00fcttner, V., and Egeblad, M. (2020). Communication in tiny packages: Exosomes as means of tumor-stroma communication. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BAA)-Rev. Cancer, 1873.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2020.188340"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2019.04.011","article-title":"Exosome-Mediated Metastasis: Communication from a Distance","volume":"49","author":"Wortzel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-013118-111902","article-title":"Exosomes","volume":"88","author":"Pegtel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32762","article-title":"The cancer exosomes: Clinical implications, applications and challenges","volume":"146","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3657","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S463296","article-title":"The Landscape of Exosomes Biogenesis to Clinical Applications","volume":"19","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3978","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles: Biology and emerging therapeutic opportunities","volume":"12","author":"Breakefield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2015.01.004","article-title":"Ectosomes and exosomes: Shedding the confusion between extracellular vesicles","volume":"25","author":"Cocucci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lange, M., Babczyk, P., and Tobiasch, E. (2024). Exosomes: A New Hope for Angiogenesis-Mediated Bone Regeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105204"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600375","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201600375","article-title":"Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Cancer: The Role of Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"17","author":"Samuel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2021.01.007","article-title":"Landscape of extracellular vesicles in the tumour microenvironment: Interactions with stromal cells and with non-cell components, and impacts on metabolic reprogramming, horizontal transfer of neoplastic traits, and the emergence of therapeutic resistance","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2015.07.014","article-title":"Exosomes: Emerging biomarkers and targets for ovarian cancer","volume":"367","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-017-0368-6","article-title":"A comprehensive overview of exosomes in ovarian cancer: Emerging biomarkers and therapeutic strategies","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-022-02499-8","article-title":"Gastric cancer-derived exosomal miR-519a-3p promotes liver metastasis by inducing intrahepatic M2-like macrophage-mediated angiogenesis","volume":"41","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-16-0191","article-title":"Exosomes Promote Ovarian Cancer Cell Invasion through Transfer of CD44 to Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells","volume":"15","author":"Nakamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10916","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16983","article-title":"Exosomal ANXA2 derived from ovarian cancer cells regulates epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity of human peritoneal mesothelial cells","volume":"25","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s13402-019-00486-4","article-title":"The exosomal integrin \u03b15\u03b21\/AEP complex derived from epithelial ovarian cancer cells promotes peritoneal metastasis through regulating mesothelial cell proliferation and migration","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3583","article-title":"Ovarian cancer derived PKR1 positive exosomes promote angiogenesis by promoting migration and tube formation in vitro","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8206","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.37455","article-title":"Ovarian cancer cell-secreted exosomal miR-205 promotes metastasis by inducing angiogenesis","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04695-7","article-title":"Soluble E-cadherin promotes tumor angiogenesis and localizes to exosome surface","volume":"9","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.15726","article-title":"Omental cancer-associated fibroblast-derived exosomes with low microRNA-29c-3p promote ovarian cancer peritoneal metastasis","volume":"114","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11150","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11150","article-title":"Exosomal transfer of stroma-derived miR21 confers paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer cells through targeting APAF1","volume":"7","author":"Co","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-17-0113","article-title":"Exosomes Associated with Human Ovarian Tumors Harbor a Reversible Checkpoint of T-cell Responses","volume":"6","author":"Shenoy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-022-02244-1","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species reprogram macrophages to suppress antitumor immune response through the exosomal miR-155-5p\/PD-L1 pathway","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2018.08.001","article-title":"Exosomes derived from hypoxic epithelial ovarian cancer cells deliver microRNAs to macrophages and elicit a tumor-promoted phenotype","volume":"435","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05472-7","article-title":"Laminins in tumor-derived exosomes upregulated by ETS1 reprogram omental macrophages to promote omental metastasis of ovarian cancer","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5976","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3252","article-title":"Exosomes released from M2 macrophages transfer miR-221-3p contributed to EOC progression through targeting CDKN1B","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2021.05.011","article-title":"TAM-derived extracellular vesicles containing microRNA-29a-3p explain the deterioration of ovarian cancer","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther.-Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-17-0479","article-title":"Exosomes Released from Tumor-Associated Macrophages Transfer miRNAs That Induce a Treg\/Th17 Cell Imbalance in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-021-01428-1","article-title":"Crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment: New findings and future perspectives","volume":"20","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12978","article-title":"Role of cancer-associated fibroblast subpopulations in immune infiltration, as a new means of treatment in cancer","volume":"302","author":"Mhaidly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-4226","article-title":"Molecular Features of Cancer-associated Fibroblast Subtypes and their Implication on Cancer Pathogenesis, Prognosis, and Immunotherapy Resistance","volume":"27","author":"Galbo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giusti, I., Di Francesco, M., Poppa, G., Esposito, L., D\u2019Ascenzo, S., and Dolo, V. (2022). Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Activate Normal Human Fibroblasts to a Cancer-Associated Fibroblast-Like Phenotype, Sustaining a Pro-Tumorigenic Microenvironment. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.839880"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-019-0994-2","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts as abettors of tumor progression at the crossroads of EMT and therapy resistance","volume":"18","author":"Fiori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2016.353","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblast exosomes regulate survival and proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells","volume":"36","author":"Richards","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22874","article-title":"Use of a novel 3D culture model to elucidate the role of mesothelial cells, fibroblasts and extra-cellular matrices on adhesion and invasion of ovarian cancer cells to the omentum","volume":"121","author":"Kenny","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4281","article-title":"Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts derive from mesothelial cells via mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in peritoneal metastasis","volume":"231","author":"Sandoval","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1002\/path.6170","article-title":"Targeting carcinoma-associated mesothelial cells with antibody-drug conjugates in ovarian carcinomatosis","volume":"261","author":"Sandoval","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112730","article-title":"Cancer-associated mesothelial cells are regulated by the anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone axis","volume":"42","author":"Chauvin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, A., Wei, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhang, T., and Ma, X. (2022). The role of cancer-associated mesothelial cells in the progression and therapy of ovarian cancer. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1013506"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14470","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14470","article-title":"Malignant extracellular vesicles carrying MMP1 mRNA facilitate peritoneal dissemination in ovarian cancer","volume":"8","author":"Yokoi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116115","article-title":"Exosome-mediated miR-200a delivery into TGF-\u03b2-treated AGS cells abolished epithelial-mesenchymal transition with normalization of ZEB1, vimentin and Snail1 expression","volume":"231","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.66506","article-title":"Exosomal LBH inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma via downregulating VEGFA signaling","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-022-01650-5","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in cancer therapy resistance: Recent advances and therapeutic potential","volume":"21","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-20-1808","article-title":"Therapeutic Targeting of the Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"11","author":"Bejarano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-021-09775-9","article-title":"Endothelial TRPV4 channels prevent tumor growth and metastasis via modulation of tumor angiogenesis and vascular integrity","volume":"24","author":"Kanugula","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12018","article-title":"Anti-angiogenesis and metastasis: A tumour and stromal cell alliance","volume":"273","author":"Moserle","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-018-0897-7","article-title":"Effect of exosomal miRNA on cancer biology and clinical applications","volume":"17","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07810-w","article-title":"Cancer-derived exosomal miR-25-3p promotes pre-metastatic niche formation by inducing vascular permeability and angiogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.K., Park, S.R., Jung, B.K., Jeon, Y.K., Lee, Y.S., Kim, M.K., Kim, Y.G., Jang, J.Y., and Kim, C.W. (2013). Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells suppress angiogenesis by down-regulating VEGF expression in breast cancer cells. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084256"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-021-01836-9","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells and cancer therapy: Insights into targeting the tumour vasculature","volume":"21","author":"Aravindhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04904-7","article-title":"An overview of the immune system","volume":"357","author":"Parkin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-017-0283-9","article-title":"The immune system in cancer metastasis: Friend or foe?","volume":"5","author":"Janssen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3789","article-title":"Immune cell promotion of metastasis","volume":"15","author":"Kitamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00763-8","article-title":"The roles of extracellular vesicles in the immune system","volume":"23","author":"Buzas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabb6981","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abb6981","article-title":"Macrophage-tumor chimeric exosomes accumulate in lymph node and tumor to activate the immune response and the tumor microenvironment","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00359-5","article-title":"Exosome-mediated metabolic reprogramming: The emerging role in tumor microenvironment remodeling and its influence on cancer progression","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09552-1","article-title":"Malignant effusions and immunogenic tumour-derived exosomes","volume":"360","author":"Andre","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01759-1","article-title":"Exosome-derived circCCAR1 promotes CD8+ T-cell dysfunction and anti-PD1 resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Q.H., Zheng, J.Q., Ding, J.Y., Wu, Y.F., Liu, L., Yu, Z.L., and Chen, G. (2022). Exosome-Mediated Immunosuppression in Tumor Microenvironments. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11121946"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3384","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI80011","article-title":"Anti\u2014PD-1\/PD-L1 therapy of human cancer: Past, present, and future","volume":"125","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-018-0928-4","article-title":"Role of the tumor microenvironment in PD-L1\/PD-1-mediated tumor immune escape","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.01.008","article-title":"SMARCAL1 is a dual regulator of innate immune signaling and PD-L1 expression that promotes tumor immune evasion","volume":"187","author":"Leuzzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3959","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-20-0788","article-title":"Plasma Gelsolin Inhibits CD8+ T-cell Function and Regulates Glutathione Production to Confer Chemoresistance in Ovarian Cancer","volume":"80","author":"Communal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowak, M., and Klink, M. (2020). The Role of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in the Progression and Chemoresistance of Ovarian Cancer. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9051299"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-023-01987-x","article-title":"Revisiting macrophages in ovarian cancer microenvironment: Development, function and interaction","volume":"40","author":"Alkhalil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00484-9","article-title":"Targeting tumor-associated macrophages to synergize tumor immunotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"124","article-title":"Exosome regulation of immune response mechanism: Pros and cons in immunotherapy","volume":"32","author":"Essola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-811X-10-37","article-title":"Tumor-exosomes and leukocyte activation: An ambivalent crosstalk","volume":"10","author":"Zech","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"1661","article-title":"Exosome-mediated cell-cell communication in tumor progression","volume":"8","author":"Wan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14239","article-title":"Exosomes-mediated crosstalk between glioma and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"29","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2009.03.007","article-title":"Exosomes\u2014Vesicular carriers for intercellular communication","volume":"21","author":"Simons","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-013-1020-6","article-title":"Exosomes in tumor microenvironment influence cancer progression and metastasis","volume":"91","author":"Kahlert","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3996","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.56035","article-title":"Exosomes in atherosclerosis: Performers, bystanders, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-020-01276-x","article-title":"Early diagnosis of breast and ovarian cancers by body fluids circulating tumor-derived exosomes","volume":"20","author":"Mohebzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2020.1776320","article-title":"The effects of umbilical cord-derived macrophage exosomes loaded with cisplatin on the growth and drug resistance of ovarian cancer cells","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2021.10.076","article-title":"Aberrant expression of TMEM205 signaling promotes platinum resistance in ovarian cancer: An implication for the antitumor potential of DAP compound","volume":"164","author":"Calo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-022-01054-5","article-title":"Targeting TMEM205 mediated drug resistance in ovarian clear cell carcinoma using oncolytic virus","volume":"15","author":"Saini","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-05-0102","article-title":"Abnormal lysosomal trafficking and enhanced exosomal export of cisplatin in drug-resistant human ovarian carcinoma cells","volume":"4","author":"Safaei","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3806","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0189-0","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced exosomes contribute to a more aggressive and chemoresistant ovarian cancer phenotype: A novel mechanism linking STAT3\/Rab proteins","volume":"37","author":"Dorayappan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2020.05.010","article-title":"DNMT1: A key drug target in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"72","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"2124","article-title":"Exosomal transfer of miR-429 confers chemoresistance in epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-023-04906-5","article-title":"AUF1-induced circular RNA hsa_circ_0010467 promotes platinum resistance of ovarian cancer through miR-637\/LIF\/STAT3 axis","volume":"80","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-019-1051-3","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblast-derived exosomal microRNA-98-5p promotes cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer by targeting CDKN1A","volume":"19","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alharbi, M., Sharma, S., Guanzon, D., Lai, A., Zu\u00f1iga, F., Shiddiky, M.J.A., Yamauchi, Y., Salas-Burgos, A., He, Y., and Pejovic, T. (2020). miRNa signature in small extracellular vesicles and their association with platinum resistance and cancer recurrence in ovarian cancer. Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med., 28.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2020.102207"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.11.004","article-title":"Exosomal miRNA confers chemo resistance via targeting Cav1\/p-gp\/M2-type macrophage axis in ovarian cancer","volume":"38","author":"Kanlikilicer","year":"2018","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-019-1095-1","article-title":"Macrophages derived exosomes deliver miR-223 to epithelial ovarian cancer cells to elicit a chemoresistant phenotype","volume":"38","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exosomes and their role in tumorigenesis and anticancer drug resistance","volume":"45","author":"Milman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updat. Rev. Comment. Antimicrob. Anticancer Chemother."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casagrande, N., Borghese, C., Avanzo, M., and Aldinucci, D. (2023). In Doxorubicin-Adapted Hodgkin Lymphoma Cells, Acquiring Multidrug Resistance and Improved Immunosuppressive Abilities, Doxorubicin Activity Was Enhanced by Chloroquine and GW4869. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12232732"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-1148-y","article-title":"The cisplatin-induced lncRNA PANDAR dictates the chemoresistance of ovarian cancer via regulating SFRS2-mediated p53 phosphorylation","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.3802\/jgo.2024.35.e13","article-title":"Cisplatin-induced PANDAR-Chemo-EVs contribute to a more aggressive and chemoresistant ovarian cancer phenotype through the SRSF9-SIRT4\/SIRT6 axis","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3276","article-title":"Exosomal DNMT1 mediates cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer","volume":"35","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-019-1087-9","article-title":"The exosome-mediated autocrine and paracrine actions of plasma gelsolin in ovarian cancer chemoresistance","volume":"39","author":"Nakka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R663","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-18-0019","article-title":"The potential role of miRNAs and exosomes in chemotherapy in ovarian cancer","volume":"25","author":"Alharbi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr.-Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2014.12.042","article-title":"The passenger strand, miR-21-3p, plays a role in mediating cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cells","volume":"137","author":"Pink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, G., Zhu, Y., Ali, D.J., Tian, T., Xu, H., Si, K., Sun, B., Chen, B., and Xiao, Z. (2020). Engineered exosomes for targeted co-delivery of miR-21 inhibitor and chemotherapeutics to reverse drug resistance in colon cancer. J. Nanobiotechnol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-019-0563-2"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004029","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-004029","article-title":"CircITGB6 promotes ovarian cancer cisplatin resistance by resetting tumor-associated macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-024-01430-3","article-title":"Shikonin reduces M2 macrophage population in ovarian cancer by repressing exosome production and the exosomal galectin 3-mediated \u03b2-catenin activation","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2017.10.044","article-title":"Metabolic features of macrophages in inflammatory diseases and cancer","volume":"413","author":"Na","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spugnini, E.P., Logozzi, M., Di Raimo, R., Mizzoni, D., and Fais, S. (2018). A Role of Tumor-Released Exosomes in Paracrine Dissemination and Metastasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123968"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-01932-0","article-title":"Tumor-derived small extracellular vesicles in cancer invasion and metastasis: Molecular mechanisms, and clinical significance","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5440","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00132","article-title":"Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived M1 Macrophage Exosomes Loaded with Cisplatin Target Ovarian Cancer In Vivo and Reverse Cisplatin Resistance","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimizu, A., Sawada, K., Kobayashi, M., Oi, Y., Oride, T., Kinose, Y., Kodama, M., Hashimoto, K., and Kimura, T. (2024). Patient-Derived Exosomes as siRNA Carriers in Ovarian Cancer Treatment. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16081482"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, H., Zhou, Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Long, S., Lin, X., Yang, A., Duan, J., Yang, N., and Yang, Z. (2022). NK cell-derived exosomes enhance the anti-tumor effects against ovarian cancer by delivering cisplatin and reactivating NK cell functions. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1087689"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djv184","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv184","article-title":"M-Trap: Exosome-Based Capture of Tumor Cells as a New Technology in Peritoneal Metastasis","volume":"107","author":"Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pisano, S., Pierini, I., Gu, J., Gazze, A., Francis, L.W., Gonzalez, D., Conlan, R.S., and Corradetti, B. (2020). Immune (Cell) Derived Exosome Mimetics (IDEM) as a Treatment for Ovarian Cancer. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.553576"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., He, D., Guo, Q., Zhang, Z., Ru, D., Wang, L., Gong, K., Liu, F., Duan, Y., and Li, H. (2022). Exosome-liposome hybrid nanoparticle codelivery of TP and miR497 conspicuously overcomes chemoresistant ovarian cancer. J. Nanobiotechnol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01264-5"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10376","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c00804","article-title":"Genetically Engineered Artificial Exosome-Constructed Hydrogel for Ovarian Cancer Therapy","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/9\/1099\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:47:09Z","timestamp":1760111229000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/9\/1099"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["biom14091099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom14091099","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]}}}