{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T13:35:17Z","timestamp":1793367317650,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":241,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]],"date-time":"2024-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH\/NIAAA","award":["AA029686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA029686"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cannabis sativa is known for producing over 120 distinct phytocannabinoids, with \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03949-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) being the most prominent, primarily in their acidic forms. Beyond \u03949-THC and CBD, a wide array of lesser-known phytocannabinoids, along with terpenes, flavonoids, and alkaloids, demonstrate diverse pharmacological activities, interacting with the endocannabinoid system (eCB) and other biological pathways. These compounds, characterized by phenolic structures and hydroxyl groups, possess lipophilic properties, allowing them to cross the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) effectively. Notably, their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuro-modulatory effects position them as promising agents in treating neurodegenerative disorders. While research has extensively examined the neuropsychiatric and neuroprotective effects of \u03949-THC, other minor phytocannabinoids remain underexplored. Due to the well-established neuroprotective potential of CBD, there is growing interest in the therapeutic benefits of non-psychotropic minor phytocannabinoids (NMPs) in brain disorders. This review highlights the emerging research on these lesser-known compounds and their neuroprotective potential. It offers insights into their therapeutic applications across various major neurological conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14101296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T04:02:58Z","timestamp":1728878578000},"page":"1296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Unveiling the Potential of Phytocannabinoids: Exploring Marijuana\u2019s Lesser-Known Constituents for Neurological Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4429-8078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Balapal S.","family":"Basavarajappa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivakumar","family":"Subbanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14098","article-title":"Endocannabinoid system in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"142","author":"Basavarajappa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2174\/156720511795563700","article-title":"FTD and ALS: A tale of two diseases","volume":"8","author":"Ferrari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000438219.39061.da","article-title":"Familial clustering of ALS in a population-based resource","volume":"82","author":"Gibson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/nj7526-299a","article-title":"Neurodegenerative disease: Brain windfall","volume":"515","author":"Gammon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802395-2.00021-3","article-title":"Concepts and classification of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"Volume 145","author":"Kovacs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R80","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddz138","article-title":"Recent advances in molecular therapies for neurological disease: Triplet repeat disorders","volume":"28","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2016.18.1\/pnopoulos","article-title":"Huntington disease: A single-gene degenerative disorder of the striatum","volume":"18","author":"Nopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63233-3.00009-9","article-title":"Repeat expansion diseases","volume":"Volume 147","author":"Paulson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000530","article-title":"Beyond neural cubism: Promoting a multidimensional view of brain disorders by enhancing the integration of neurology and psychiatry in education","volume":"90","author":"Taylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acad. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108081","article-title":"Future avenues for Alzheimer\u2019s disease detection and therapy: Liquid biopsy, intracellular signaling modulation, systems pharmacology drug discovery","volume":"185","author":"Hampel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.2.210","article-title":"Efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms and functional impairment in Alzheimer disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"289","author":"Trinh","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4103\/aomd.aomd_37_22","article-title":"Adverse effects of medications used to treat motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A narrative review","volume":"6","author":"Bhushan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2784","article-title":"Tetrabenazine","volume":"8","author":"Hayden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1159\/000449184","article-title":"Tetrabenazine: Spotlight on Drug Review","volume":"23","author":"Kaur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2024.106049","article-title":"Huntington disease\u2014Update on ongoing therapeutic developments and a look toward the future","volume":"122","author":"Sampaio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-017-0739-9","article-title":"Huntington\u2019s Disease-Update on Treatments","volume":"17","author":"Wyant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(98)00649-9","article-title":"Endocannabinoids","volume":"359","author":"Mechoulam","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(98)01283-1","article-title":"Endocannabinoids: Endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligands with neuromodulatory action","volume":"21","author":"Melck","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13710","article-title":"A narrative review of molecular mechanism and therapeutic effect of cannabidiol (CBD)","volume":"130","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707531","article-title":"Cannabinoid CB2 receptors: A therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory and neuropathic pain","volume":"153","author":"Guindon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707442","article-title":"The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin","volume":"153","author":"Pertwee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063545","article-title":"Endocannabinoid Signaling in the Brain","volume":"296","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aoki, J., and Isokawa, M. (2024). Understanding Cellular, Molecular, and Functional Specificity, Heterogeneity, and Diversity of the Endocannabinoid System. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13121049"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bukiya, A.N. (2019). Endocannabinoid System and Alcohol Abuse Disorders. Recent Advances in Cannabinoid Physiology and Pathology, Nature Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21737-2"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basavarajappa, B.S., and Subbanna, S. (2022). Molecular Insights into Epigenetics and Cannabinoid Receptors. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12111560"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dallabrida, K.G., de Oliveira Bender, J.M., Chade, E.S., Rodrigues, N., and Sampaio, T.B. (2024). Endocannabinoid System Changes throughout Life: Implications and Therapeutic Potential for Autism, ADHD, and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Brain Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14060592"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3934\/Neuroscience.2024009","article-title":"A review of the direct targets of the cannabinoids cannabidiol, Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, N-arachidonoylethanolamine and 2-arachidonoylglycerol","volume":"11","author":"Wright","year":"2024","journal-title":"AIMS Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"103","article-title":"Molecular Targets of the Phytocannabinoids: A Complex Picture","volume":"103","author":"Morales","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Chem. Org. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(00)90646-4","article-title":"The absolute configuration of delta-1-tetrahydrocannabinol, the major active constituent of hashish","volume":"12","author":"Mechoulam","year":"1967","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.1274","article-title":"The effectiveness of cannabinoids in the management of chronic nonmalignant neuropathic pain: A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Boychuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oral Facial Pain Headache"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000242","article-title":"Cannabinoids for treatment of glaucoma","volume":"27","author":"Novack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"CD007786","article-title":"Antiemetic medication for prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in childhood","volume":"2","author":"Phillips","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666160125114144","article-title":"Opioid and Cannabinoid System in Food Intake","volume":"22","author":"Pomorska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200790147","article-title":"Cannabidiol\u2014Recent advances","volume":"4","author":"Mechoulam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12663","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules181012663","article-title":"Understanding the molecular aspects of tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol as antioxidants","volume":"18","author":"Borges","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8268","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.14.8268","article-title":"Cannabidiol and (-)Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol are neuroprotective antioxidants","volume":"95","author":"Hampson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2011.02.017","article-title":"Potent inhibition of human cytochrome P450 3A isoforms by cannabidiol: Role of phenolic hydroxyl groups in the resorcinol moiety","volume":"88","author":"Yamaori","year":"2011","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13842","article-title":"Anticonvulsant effect of cannabinoid receptor agonists in models of seizures in developing rats","volume":"58","author":"Huizenga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0284-z","article-title":"Cannabinoids and the expanded endocannabinoid system in neurological disorders","volume":"16","author":"Cristino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.051920","article-title":"The endogenous cannabinoid system regulates seizure frequency and duration in a model of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"307","author":"Wallace","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(02)00080-1","article-title":"Retrograde signaling in the regulation of synaptic transmission: Focus on endocannabinoids","volume":"68","author":"Alger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiology."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(00)01805-8","article-title":"Modulation of transmitter release via presynaptic cannabinoid receptors","volume":"22","author":"Schlicker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4790","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13250","article-title":"Cannabidiol is a negative allosteric modulator of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor","volume":"172","author":"Laprairie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-005-6978-1","article-title":"Agonistic properties of cannabidiol at 5-HT1a receptors","volume":"30","author":"Russo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S258433","article-title":"CBD Effects on TRPV1 Signaling Pathways in Cultured DRG Neurons","volume":"13","author":"Anand","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-017-0318-7","article-title":"The novel cannabinoid receptor GPR55 mediates anxiolytic-like effects in the medial orbital cortex of mice with acute stress","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"771","article-title":"Advances in the Physiology of GPR55 in the Central Nervous System","volume":"15","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113248","article-title":"GPR55 in the brain and chronic neuropathic pain","volume":"406","author":"Armin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Do Val-da Silva, R.A., Peixoto-Santos, J.E., Kandratavicius, L., De Ross, J.B., Esteves, I., De Martinis, B.S., Alves, M.N., Scandiuzzi, R.C., Hallak, J.E., and Zuardi, A.W. (2017). Protective Effects of Cannabidiol against Seizures and Neuronal Death in a Rat Model of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front. Pharmacol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00131"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14202","article-title":"Cannabidiol exerts antiepileptic effects by restoring hippocampal interneuron functions in a temporal lobe epilepsy model","volume":"175","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1159\/000521683","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Cannabis, Cannabidiol, and Cannabinoid-Based Pharmaceuticals","volume":"107","author":"Legare","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vrechi, T.A.M., Leao, A., Morais, I.B.M., Abilio, V.C., Zuardi, A.W., Hallak, J.E.C., Crippa, J.A., Bincoletto, C., Ureshino, R.P., and Smaili, S.S. (2021). Cannabidiol induces autophagy via ERK1\/2 activation in neural cells. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84879-2"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2020.104553","article-title":"Cannabidiol exerts protective effects in an in vitro model of Parkinson\u2019s disease activating AKT\/mTOR pathway","volume":"143","author":"Gugliandolo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lujan, M.A., and Valverde, O. (2020). The Pro-neurogenic Effects of Cannabidiol and Its Potential Therapeutic Implications in Psychiatric Disorders. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.00109"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.09.043","article-title":"Repeated Cannabidiol treatment reduces cocaine intake and modulates neural proliferation and CB1R expression in the mouse hippocampus","volume":"143","author":"Lujan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145712001502","article-title":"The anxiolytic effect of cannabidiol on chronically stressed mice depends on hippocampal neurogenesis: Involvement of the endocannabinoid system","volume":"16","author":"Campos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanza Cariccio, V., Scionti, D., Raffa, A., Iori, R., Pollastro, F., Diomede, F., Bramanti, P., Trubiani, O., and Mazzon, E. (2018). Treatment of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells with MOR and CBD Promotes Cell Survival and Neuronal Differentiation via the PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082341"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2016.11.010","article-title":"Target regulation of PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR pathway by cannabidiol in treatment of experimental multiple sclerosis","volume":"116","author":"Giacoppo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5160","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3387-15.2016","article-title":"Cannabidiol Counteracts Amphetamine-Induced Neuronal and Behavioral Sensitization of the Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway through a Novel mTOR\/p70S6 Kinase Signaling Pathway","volume":"36","author":"Renard","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05717.x","article-title":"Cannabidiol reduced the striatal atrophy caused 3-nitropropionic acid in vivo by mechanisms independent of the activation of cannabinoid, vanilloid TRPV1 and adenosine A2A receptors","volume":"26","author":"Sagredo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.109.159145","article-title":"Cannabidiol displays antiepileptiform and antiseizure properties in vitro and in vivo","volume":"332","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez-Aguirre, C., Carmona-Cruz, F., Velasco, A.L., Velasco, F., Aguado-Carrillo, G., Cuellar-Herrera, M., and Rocha, L. (2020). Cannabidiol Acts at 5-HT(1A) Receptors in the Human Brain: Relevance for Treating Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.611278"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)03989-6","article-title":"Pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus increases cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of adult rats via a 5-HT1A receptor-dependent mechanism","volume":"966","author":"Radley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2021.03.026","article-title":"Hippocampal and Septal 5-HT(1A) Receptor Expression in Two Rat Models of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy","volume":"465","author":"Schonhoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2023.109354","article-title":"The association between 5-HT1A binding and temporal lobe epilepsy: A meta-analysis of molecular imaging studies","volume":"145","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.18","article-title":"Plasticity of presynaptic and postsynaptic serotonin 1A receptors in an animal model of epilepsy-associated depression","volume":"36","author":"Pineda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-022-00416-6","article-title":"Cannabidiol attenuates generalized tonic-clonic and suppresses limbic seizures in the genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPR-3) strain","volume":"75","author":"Forcelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2024.107300","article-title":"Adherence and discontinuation of prescription cannabidiol for the management of seizure disorders at an integrated care center","volume":"200","author":"Barnes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/228134a0","article-title":"Preliminary experiments on the chemistry and pharmacology of cannabis","volume":"228","author":"Gill","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706414","article-title":"Evidence that the plant cannabinoid Delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin is a cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptor antagonist","volume":"146","author":"Thomas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104801","article-title":"Pharmacological potential of varinic-, minor-, and acidic phytocannabinoids","volume":"158","author":"Franco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muller, C., Morales, P., and Reggio, P.H. (2018). Cannabinoid Ligands Targeting TRP Channels. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00487"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13000","article-title":"The phytocannabinoid, Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin, can act through 5-HT(1)A receptors to produce antipsychotic effects","volume":"172","author":"Cascio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3389-x","article-title":"5-HT(1A) [corrected] receptors in mood and anxiety: Recent insights into autoreceptor versus heteroreceptor function","volume":"231","author":"Leonardo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glikmann-Johnston, Y., Saling, M.M., Reutens, D.C., and Stout, J.C. (2015). Hippocampal 5-HT1A Receptor and Spatial Learning and Memory. Front. Pharmacol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2015.00289"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.296020","article-title":"Modulation of L-alpha-lysophosphatidylinositol\/GPR55 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling by cannabinoids","volume":"287","author":"Baillie","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.190","article-title":"Effects of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin on [35S]GTPgammaS binding in mouse brain cerebellum and piriform cortex membranes","volume":"154","author":"Dennis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707124","article-title":"The psychoactive plant cannabinoid, Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, is antagonized by Delta8- and Delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin in mice in vivo","volume":"150","author":"Pertwee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00756.x","article-title":"The plant cannabinoid Delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin can decrease signs of inflammation and inflammatory pain in mice","volume":"160","author":"Bolognini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.08.021","article-title":"Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin impairs epithelial calcium transport through inhibition of TRPV5 and TRPV6","volume":"136","author":"Janssens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02523.x","article-title":"Delta(9)-Tetrahydrocannabivarin suppresses in vitro epileptiform and in vivo seizure activity in adult rats","volume":"51","author":"Hill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.57","article-title":"The phytocannabinoid Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin modulates inhibitory neurotransmission in the cerebellum","volume":"154","author":"Ma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2016.11.020","article-title":"Neuroimaging studies towards understanding the central effects of pharmacological cannabis products on patients with epilepsy","volume":"70","author":"Allendorfer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2016.11.016","article-title":"Pharmacology of cannabinoids in the treatment of epilepsy","volume":"70","author":"Gaston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-014-0972-6","article-title":"Evaluation of Phytocannabinoids from High Potency Cannabis sativa using In Vitro Bioassays to Determine Structure-Activity Relationships for Cannabinoid Receptor 1 and Cannabinoid Receptor 2","volume":"23","author":"Husni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2014.09.003","article-title":"Differences in receptor binding affinity of several phytocannabinoids do not explain their effects on neural cell cultures","volume":"46","author":"Rosenthaler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104940","article-title":"Pharmacological data of cannabidiol- and cannabigerol-type phytocannabinoids acting on cannabinoid CB(1), CB(2) and CB(1)\/CB(2) heteromer receptors","volume":"159","author":"Navarro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zagzoog, A., Mohamed, K.A., Kim, H.J.J., Kim, E.D., Frank, C.S., Black, T., Jadhav, P.D., Holbrook, L.A., and Laprairie, R.B. (2020). In vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of minor cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77175-y"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.01166.x","article-title":"Effects of cannabinoids and cannabinoid-enriched Cannabis extracts on TRP channels and endocannabinoid metabolic enzymes","volume":"163","author":"Ligresti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.134809","article-title":"Plant-derived cannabinoids modulate the activity of transient receptor potential channels of ankyrin type-1 and melastatin type-8","volume":"325","author":"Vellani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e00933","article-title":"Novel inverse agonists for the orphan G protein-coupled receptor 6","volume":"4","author":"Laun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12631","article-title":"Cannabidiol: Pharmacology and potential therapeutic role in epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"55","author":"Devinsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.02207.x","article-title":"Cannabidivarin is anticonvulsant in mouse and rat","volume":"167","author":"Hill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.01.002","article-title":"Preclinical safety and efficacy of cannabidivarin for early life seizures","volume":"148","author":"Huizenga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.07.029","article-title":"Chronic treatment with the phytocannabinoid Cannabidivarin (CBDV) rescues behavioural alterations and brain atrophy in a mouse model of Rett syndrome","volume":"140","author":"Vigli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119844184","article-title":"Cannabidivarin completely rescues cognitive deficits and delays neurological and motor defects in male Mecp2 mutant mice","volume":"33","author":"Zamberletti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12321","article-title":"Cannabidivarin-rich cannabis extracts are anticonvulsant in mouse and rat via a CB1 receptor-independent mechanism","volume":"170","author":"Hill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e214","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.214","article-title":"Cannabidivarin (CBDV) suppresses pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced increases in epilepsy-related gene expression","volume":"1","author":"Amada","year":"2013","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2020.0075","article-title":"A Phase 2 Randomized Controlled Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidivarin as Add-on Therapy in Participants with Inadequately Controlled Focal Seizures","volume":"6","author":"Brodie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17247","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of cannabidivarin treatment of epilepsy in girls with Rett syndrome: A phase 1 clinical trial","volume":"63","author":"Hurley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarro, G., Varani, K., Reyes-Resina, I., Sanchez de Medina, V., Rivas-Santisteban, R., Sanchez-Carnerero Callado, C., Vincenzi, F., Casano, S., Ferreiro-Vera, C., and Canela, E.I. (2018). Cannabigerol Action at Cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) Receptors and at CB(1)-CB(2) Heteroreceptor Complexes. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00632"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4263","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14019","article-title":"Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid is a potent PPARgamma agonist with neuroprotective activity","volume":"174","author":"Nadal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00515.x","article-title":"Evidence that the plant cannabinoid cannabigerol is a highly potent alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist and moderately potent 5HT1A receptor antagonist","volume":"159","author":"Cascio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.03.013","article-title":"Voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channel blockade by plant cannabinoids does not confer anticonvulsant effects per se","volume":"566","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4826","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15661","article-title":"Cannabigerolic acid, a major biosynthetic precursor molecule in cannabis, exhibits divergent effects on seizures in mouse models of epilepsy","volume":"178","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4010","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15833","article-title":"Inhibition of sodium conductance by cannabigerol contributes to a reduction of dorsal root ganglion neuron excitability","volume":"179","author":"Ghovanloo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milligan, C.J., Anderson, L.L., McGregor, I.S., Arnold, J.C., and Petrou, S. (2023). Beyond CBD: Inhibitory effects of lesser studied phytocannabinoids on human voltage-gated sodium channels. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1081186"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1021\/cn5000524","article-title":"Nonpsychotropic plant cannabinoids, cannabidivarin (CBDV) and cannabidiol (CBD), activate and desensitize transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels in vitro: Potential for the treatment of neuronal hyperexcitability","volume":"5","author":"Iannotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01278.x","article-title":"Symptom-relieving and neuroprotective effects of the phytocannabinoid Delta(9)-THCV in animal models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"163","author":"Garcia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30320-5","article-title":"Identification of novel risk loci, causal insights, and heritable risk for Parkinson\u2019s disease: A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies","volume":"18","author":"Nalls","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3472032","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3472032","article-title":"Melatoninergic System in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: From Neuroprotection to the Management of Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms","volume":"2016","author":"Mack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-179001","article-title":"Neuropathological Staging of Brain Pathology in Sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease: Separating the Wheat from the Chaff","volume":"7","author":"Braak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-012-8327-0","article-title":"alpha-Synuclein and neuronal cell death","volume":"47","author":"Yasuda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-004-0956-9","article-title":"Stages in the development of Parkinson\u2019s disease-related pathology","volume":"318","author":"Braak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13215","article-title":"Cannabinoid-dopamine interactions in the physiology and physiopathology of the basal ganglia","volume":"173","author":"Garcia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06557.x","article-title":"The endogenous cannabinoid, anandamide, inhibits dopamine transporter function by a receptor-independent mechanism","volume":"112","author":"Oz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20462","article-title":"High endogenous cannabinoid levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of untreated Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"57","author":"Pisani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2011.02.009","article-title":"Regional changes in type 1 cannabinoid receptor availability in Parkinson\u2019s disease in vivo","volume":"33","author":"Casteels","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"2173","article-title":"The CB1 cannabinoid receptor agonist reduces L-DOPA-induced motor fluctuation and ERK1\/2 phosphorylation in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.03.017","article-title":"Potential of the cannabinoid CB(2) receptor as a pharmacological target against inflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"64","author":"Garcia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114550355","article-title":"Effects of cannabidiol in the treatment of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: An exploratory double-blind trial","volume":"28","author":"Chagas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881119895536","article-title":"Effects of acute cannabidiol administration on anxiety and tremors induced by a Simulated Public Speaking Test in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"Tumas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25864","article-title":"Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s Disease are Reduced by Nabilone","volume":"88","author":"Peball","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.11.063","article-title":"Evaluation of the neuroprotective effect of cannabinoids in a rat model of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Importance of antioxidant and cannabinoid receptor-independent properties","volume":"1134","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2004.11.009","article-title":"Cannabinoids provide neuroprotection against 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity in vivo and in vitro: Relevance to Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Ramos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2015.11.004","article-title":"The neuroprotection of cannabidiol against MPP(+)-induced toxicity in PC12 cells involves trkA receptors, upregulation of axonal and synaptic proteins, neuritogenesis, and might be relevant to Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2022.06.036","article-title":"Cannabidiol Alleviates the Damage to Dopaminergic Neurons in 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine-Induced Parkinson\u2019s Disease Mice Via Regulating Neuronal Apoptosis and Neuroinflammation","volume":"498","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattos, B.A., Bonato, J.M., Splendor, M.C., Del Bel, E., Milani, H., and Oliveira, R.M.W. (2024). Cannabidiol improves nonmotor symptoms, attenuates neuroinflammation and favors hippocampal newborn neuronal maturation in a rat model of Parkinsonism. Acta Neuropsychiatr., 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2024.15"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espadas, I., Keifman, E., Palomo-Garo, C., Burgaz, S., Garcia, C., Fernandez-Ruiz, J., and Moratalla, R. (2020). Beneficial effects of the phytocannabinoid Delta(9)-THCV in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurobiol. Dis., 141.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.104892"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgaz, S., Garcia, C., Gomez-Canas, M., Munoz, E., and Fernandez-Ruiz, J. (2019). Development of An Oral Treatment with the PPAR-gamma-Acting Cannabinoid VCE-003.2 Against the Inflammation-Driven Neuronal Deterioration in Experimental Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24152702"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2020.103583","article-title":"Neuroprotection with the cannabigerol quinone derivative VCE-003.2 and its analogs CBGA-Q and CBGA-Q-Salt in Parkinson\u2019s disease using 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned mice","volume":"110","author":"Burgaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgaz, S., Garcia, C., Gomez-Canas, M., Rolland, A., Munoz, E., and Fernandez-Ruiz, J. (2021). Neuroprotection with the Cannabidiol Quinone Derivative VCE-004.8 (EHP-101) against 6-Hydroxydopamine in Cell and Murine Models of Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26113245"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22735","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202200278RR","article-title":"Cannabidivarin alleviates alpha-synuclein aggregation via DAF-16 in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gbae120","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbae120","article-title":"National Institute on Aging\u2019s 50th anniversary: Advancing cognitive aging research and the cognitive health of older adults","volume":"79","author":"Harrell","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4540-04.2005","article-title":"Prevention of Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology by cannabinoids: Neuroprotection mediated by blockade of microglial activation","volume":"25","author":"Ramirez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.06.005","article-title":"CB2 receptor and amyloid pathology in frontal cortex of Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients","volume":"34","author":"Solas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X20666220201091006","article-title":"Impact of the Cannabinoid System in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khavandi, M., Rao, P.P.N., and Beazely, M.A. (2023). Differential Effects of Endocannabinoids on Amyloid-Beta Aggregation and Toxicity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24020911"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.935156","article-title":"Interplay Between Astroglial Endocannabinoid System and the Cognitive Dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"72","author":"Rapaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2003.02327.x","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive component from Cannabis sativa, on beta-amyloid-induced toxicity in PC12 cells","volume":"89","author":"Iuvone","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmx073","article-title":"Effects of cannabidiol interactions with Wnt\/beta-catenin pathway and PPARgamma on oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"49","author":"Vallee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.08.044","article-title":"The amyloid precursor protein binds to beta-catenin and modulates its cellular distribution","volume":"685","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Libro, R., Diomede, F., Scionti, D., Piattelli, A., Grassi, G., Pollastro, F., Bramanti, P., Mazzon, E., and Trubiani, O. (2016). Cannabidiol Modulates the Expression of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease-Related Genes in Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010026"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2020.112163","article-title":"Overview of cannabidiol (CBD) and its analogues: Structures, biological activities, and neuroprotective mechanisms in epilepsy and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"192","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.111.071290","article-title":"Cannabidiol and other cannabinoids reduce microglial activation in vitro and in vivo: Relevance to Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"79","author":"Reigada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3478-5","article-title":"Chronic cannabidiol treatment improves social and object recognition in double transgenic APPswe\/PS1\u2206E9 mice","volume":"231","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-140921","article-title":"Long-term cannabidiol treatment prevents the development of social recognition memory deficits in Alzheimer\u2019s disease transgenic mice","volume":"42","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2023.0101","article-title":"Effects of Chronic, Low-Dose Cannabinoids, Cannabidiol, Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and a Combination of Both, on Amyloid Pathology in the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Arnanz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2020.23","article-title":"Neuroprotection Following Concussion: The Potential Role for Cannabidiol","volume":"47","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2024.2338914","article-title":"Cannabidiol improves the cognitive function of SAMP8 AD model mice involving the microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"87","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velayudhan, L., Dugonjic, M., Pisani, S., Harborow, L., Aarsland, D., Bassett, P., and Bhattacharyya, S. (2024). Cannabidiol for behavior symptoms in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (CANBiS-AD): A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int. Psychogeriatr., Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610224000516"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1159\/000519534","article-title":"The Effect of Cannabidiol Coated by Nano-Chitosan on Learning and Memory, Hippocampal CB1 and CB2 Levels, and Amyloid Plaques in an Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Rat Model","volume":"81","author":"Amini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03328.x","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, enriched-design study of nabiximols* (Sativex(\u00ae)), as add-on therapy, in subjects with refractory spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Novotna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1159\/000498924","article-title":"Prescription of a THC\/CBD-Based Medication to Patients with Dementia: A Pilot Study in Geneva","volume":"2","author":"Broers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Cannabis Cannabinoids"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7719","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-1637-8","article-title":"Efficacy of Cannabinoids in a Pre-Clinical Drug-Screening Platform for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"56","author":"Schubert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13943","article-title":"The structurally diverse phytocannabinoids cannabichromene, cannabigerol and cannabinol significantly inhibit amyloid beta-evoked neurotoxicity and changes in cell morphology in PC12 cells","volume":"134","author":"Marsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881115615104","article-title":"The effect of five day dosing with THCV on THC-induced cognitive, psychological and physiological effects in healthy male human volunteers: A placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover pilot trial","volume":"30","author":"Englund","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1159\/000524086","article-title":"Inhibitory Effects of Cannabinoids on Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Enzyme Activities","volume":"5","author":"Puopolo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Cannabis Cannabinoids"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2314","article-title":"Therapies for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Melnikova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13413","article-title":"Huntington\u2019s disease: A clinical review","volume":"25","author":"McColgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00157-3","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptor messenger RNA levels decrease in a subset of neurons of the lateral striatum, cortex and hippocampus of transgenic Huntington\u2019s disease mice","volume":"98","author":"Robertson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00008-7","article-title":"The pattern of neurodegeneration in Huntington\u2019s disease: A comparative study of cannabinoid, dopamine, adenosine and GABA(A) receptor alterations in the human basal ganglia in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"97","author":"Glass","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroscience."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.110.077156","article-title":"Widespread decrease of type 1 cannabinoid receptor availability in Huntington disease in vivo","volume":"51","author":"Casteels","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.04.006","article-title":"Cannabinoids increase type 1 cannabinoid receptor expression in a cell culture model of striatal neurons: Implications for Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"72","author":"Laprairie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4909","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.2004.04460.x","article-title":"Structure, expression and regulation of the cannabinoid receptor gene (CB1) in Huntington\u2019s disease transgenic mice","volume":"271","author":"McCaw","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq278","article-title":"Loss of striatal type 1 cannabinoid receptors is a key pathogenic factor in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"134","author":"Blazquez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8257","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1400988111","article-title":"A restricted population of CB1 cannabinoid receptors with neuroprotective activity","volume":"111","author":"Chiarlone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(91)90386-G","article-title":"Controlled clinical trial of cannabidiol in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"40","author":"Consroe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1021\/cn200114w","article-title":"Sativex-like combination of phytocannabinoids is neuroprotective in malonate-lesioned rats, an inflammatory model of Huntington\u2019s disease: Role of CB1 and CB2 receptors","volume":"3","author":"Valdeolivas","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22682","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of phytocannabinoid-based medicines in experimental models of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"89","author":"Sagredo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.34.774","article-title":"Evaluation of the cyclooxygenase inhibiting effects of six major cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa","volume":"34","author":"Ruhaak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-014-0304-z","article-title":"Neuroprotective properties of cannabigerol in Huntington\u2019s disease: Studies in R6\/2 mice and 3-nitropropionate-lesioned mice","volume":"12","author":"Valdeolivas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gugliandolo, A., Silvestro, S., Chiricosta, L., Pollastro, F., Bramanti, P., and Mazzon, E. (2020). The Transcriptomic Analysis of NSC-34 Motor Neuron-Like Cells Reveals That Cannabigerol Influences Synaptic Pathways: A Comparative Study with Cannabidiol. Life, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/life10100227"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.05.024","article-title":"Arvanil, a hybrid endocannabinoid and vanilloid compound, behaves as an antihyperkinetic agent in a rat model of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"1050","author":"Urbani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200305060-00007","article-title":"Effects of cannabinoids in the rat model of Huntington\u2019s disease generated by an intrastriatal injection of malonate","volume":"14","author":"Bizat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2005.06.001","article-title":"UCM707, an inhibitor of the anandamide uptake, behaves as a symptom control agent in models of Huntington\u2019s disease and multiple sclerosis, but fails to delay\/arrest the progression of different motor-related disorders","volume":"16","author":"Cabranes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200107200-00017","article-title":"Changes in endocannabinoid transmission in the basal ganglia in a rat model of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Fezza","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2013.01.017","article-title":"Beneficial effect of the non-psychotropic plant cannabinoid cannabigerol on experimental inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"85","author":"Borrelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.120.000340","article-title":"The Pharmacological Case for Cannabigerol","volume":"376","author":"Nachnani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1080\/19336950.2019.1619436","article-title":"Diverse TRPV1 responses to cannabinoids","volume":"13","author":"Starkus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Channels"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00682","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.682","article-title":"Diversity of molecular targets and signaling pathways for CBD","volume":"8","author":"Devi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0374-6","article-title":"The Endocannabinoid System and its Modulation by Phytocannabinoids","volume":"12","author":"Piscitelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-12-0335","article-title":"COX-2 and PPAR-gamma confer cannabidiol-induced apoptosis of human lung cancer cells","volume":"12","author":"Ramer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2415-0","article-title":"Plasma and brain pharmacokinetic profile of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidivarine (CBDV), Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) and cannabigerol (CBG) in rats and mice following oral and intraperitoneal administration and CBD action on obsessive-compulsive behaviour","volume":"219","author":"Deiana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(96)00428-9","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptors in the human brain: A detailed anatomical and quantitative autoradiographic study in the fetal, neonatal and adult human brain","volume":"77","author":"Glass","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14780","article-title":"Distinct Functions of Endogenous Cannabinoid System in Alcohol Abuse Disorders","volume":"176","author":"Basavarajappa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn4004","article-title":"Endocannabinoid signalling in reward and addiction","volume":"16","author":"Parsons","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.07.018","article-title":"Effects of Cannabinoid Drugs on Aversive or Rewarding Drug-Associated Memory Extinction and Reconsolidation","volume":"370","author":"Stern","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k2927","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2927","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and risk of dementia: 23 year follow-up of Whitehall II cohort study","volume":"362","author":"Sabia","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041152","article-title":"Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on cognitive function in women","volume":"352","author":"Stampfer","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_191","first-page":"512","article-title":"Alzheimer-like phosphorylation of tau and neurofilament induced by cocaine in vivo","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101062","article-title":"The multi-faceted impact of methamphetamine on Alzheimer\u2019s disease: From a triggering role to a possible therapeutic use","volume":"60","author":"Shukla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.03.011","article-title":"Cannabidiol reduces cigarette consumption in tobacco smokers: Preliminary findings","volume":"38","author":"Morgan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14243","article-title":"Cannabidiol reverses attentional bias to cigarette cues in a human experimental model of tobacco withdrawal","volume":"113","author":"Hindocha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hindocha, C., Freeman, T.P., Grabski, M., Crudgington, H., Davies, A.C., Stroud, J.B., Das, R.K., Lawn, W., Morgan, C.J.A., and Curran, H.V. (2018). The effects of cannabidiol on impulsivity and memory during abstinence in cigarette dependent smokers. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25846-2"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2022.0317","article-title":"Cannabidiol Reduces Nicotine Withdrawal Severity and State Anxiety During an Acute E-cigarette Abstinence Period: A Novel, Open-Label Study","volume":"9","author":"Gournay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2023.109833","article-title":"Cannabidiol as a potential cessation therapeutic: Effects on intravenous nicotine self-administration and withdrawal symptoms in mice","volume":"246","author":"Cheeks","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-05845-4","article-title":"Cannabidiol reduces withdrawal symptoms in nicotine-dependent rats","volume":"238","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30401-8","article-title":"Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Black","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hindocha, C., Freeman, T.P., Schafer, G., Gardner, C., Bloomfield, M.A.P., Bramon, E., Morgan, C.J.A., and Curran, H.V. (2020). Acute effects of cannabinoids on addiction endophenotypes are moderated by genes encoding the CB1 receptor and FAAH enzyme. Addict. Biol., 25.","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12762"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.12.002","article-title":"Acute and Chronic Effects of Cannabinoids on Human Cognition-A Systematic Review","volume":"79","author":"Broyd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.09.036","article-title":"How does cannabidiol (CBD) influence the acute effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in humans? A systematic review","volume":"107","author":"Freeman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2217\/fnl-2016-0035","article-title":"Cannabidiol in the management of inpatient cannabis withdrawal: Clinical case series","volume":"12","author":"Pokorski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Neurol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.12018","article-title":"Cannabidiol for the treatment of cannabis withdrawal syndrome: A case report","volume":"38","author":"Crippa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_205","first-page":"31","article-title":"Cannabidiol Oil for Decreasing Addictive Use of Marijuana: A Case Report","volume":"14","author":"Shannon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cleirec, G., Desmier, E., Lacatus, C., Lesgourgues, S., Braun, A., Peloso, C., and Obadia, C. (2022). Efficiency of Inhaled Cannabidiol in Cannabis Use Disorder: The Pilot Study Cannavap. Front. Psychiatry, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.899221"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2017.0043","article-title":"Therapeutic Effects of Prolonged Cannabidiol Treatment on Psychological Symptoms and Cognitive Function in Regular Cannabis Users: A Pragmatic Open-Label Clinical Trial","volume":"3","author":"Solowij","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1108","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2022.0336","article-title":"Daily Cannabidiol Administration for 10 Weeks Modulates Hippocampal and Amygdalar Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Cannabis Users: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Open-Label Clinical Trial","volume":"9","author":"Lorenzetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12366","article-title":"Cannabidiol disrupts the reconsolidation of contextual drug-associated memories in Wistar rats","volume":"22","author":"Takahashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14764","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4291-09.2009","article-title":"Cannabidiol, a nonpsychotropic component of cannabis, inhibits cue-induced heroin seeking and normalizes discrete mesolimbic neuronal disturbances","volume":"29","author":"Ren","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarrete, F., Gasparyan, A., and Manzanares, J. (2022). CBD-mediated regulation of heroin withdrawal-induced behavioural and molecular changes in mice. Addict. Biol., 27.","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.13150"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2022.0036","article-title":"Cannabidiol Reduced the Severity of Gastrointestinal Symptoms of Opioid Withdrawal in Male and Female Mice","volume":"9","author":"Scicluna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayduk, S.A., Hughes, A.C., Winter, R.L., Milton, M.D., and Ward, S.J. (2024). Single and Combined Effects of Cannabigerol (CBG) and Cannabidiol (CBD) in Mouse Models of Oxaliplatin-Associated Mechanical Sensitivity, Opioid Antinociception, and Naloxone-Precipitated Opioid Withdrawal. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12061145"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Socha, J., Grochecki, P., Marszalek-Grabska, M., Skrok, A., Smaga, I., Slowik, T., Prazmo, W., Kotlinski, R., Filip, M., and Kotlinska, J.H. (2024). Cannabidiol Protects against the Reinstatement of Oxycodone-Induced Conditioned Place Preference in Adolescent Male but Not Female Rats: The Role of MOR and CB1R. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126651"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., and Ward, S.J. (2024). Paclitaxel-Associated Mechanical Sensitivity and Neuroinflammation Are Sex-, Time-, and Site-Specific and Prevented through Cannabigerol Administration in C57Bl\/6 Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084277"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02244012","article-title":"Antianxiety effect of cannabidiol in the elevated plus-maze","volume":"100","author":"Guimaraes","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.10.024","article-title":"Cannabidiol exhibits anxiolytic but not antipsychotic property evaluated in the social interaction test","volume":"41","author":"Almeida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050326","article-title":"Selective inhibition of sucrose and ethanol intake by SR 141716, an antagonist of central cannabinoid (CB1) receptors","volume":"132","author":"Arnone","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology."},{"key":"ref_219","first-page":"16","article-title":"Endocannabinoid system in the development of tolerance to alcohol","volume":"11","author":"Basavarajappa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Klin. Forsch. J. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a008368","article-title":"Reduction of voluntary ethanol intake in ethanol-preferring sP rats by the cannabinoid antagonist SR-141716","volume":"33","author":"Colombo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.01576.x","article-title":"Cannabinoid CB1 receptor knockout mice exhibit markedly reduced voluntary alcohol consumption and lack alcohol-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens","volume":"84","author":"Hungund","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.105.085779","article-title":"Comparison of cannabidiol, antioxidants, and diuretics in reversing binge ethanol-induced neurotoxicity","volume":"314","author":"Hamelink","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2013.08.013","article-title":"Transdermal delivery of cannabidiol attenuates binge alcohol-induced neurodegeneration in a rodent model of an alcohol use disorder","volume":"111","author":"Liput","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-018-1154-7","article-title":"Pharmacological Comparisons Between Cannabidiol and KLS-13019","volume":"66","author":"Brenneman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.00955.x","article-title":"High-alcohol preferring mice are more impulsive than low-alcohol preferring mice as measured in the delay discounting task","volume":"33","author":"Oberlin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183X.2009.00484.x","article-title":"Strain differences in delay discounting using inbred rats","volume":"8","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13535","article-title":"Steep delay discounting and addictive behavior: A meta-analysis of continuous associations","volume":"112","author":"Amlung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2229-0","article-title":"Delayed reward discounting and addictive behavior: A meta-analysis","volume":"216","author":"MacKillop","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12495","article-title":"Cannabidiol reduces ethanol consumption, motivation and relapse in mice","volume":"23","author":"Navarron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-023-06349-z","article-title":"Consuming oral cannabidiol prior to a standard alcohol dose has minimal effect on breath alcohol level and subjective effects of alcohol","volume":"240","author":"Karoly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2020.0132","article-title":"Reducing Effect of Cannabidiol on Alcohol Self-Administration in Sardinian Alcohol-Preferring Rats","volume":"7","author":"Maccioni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2023.109549","article-title":"Cannabidiol regulates behavioral and brain alterations induced by spontaneous alcohol withdrawal","volume":"233","author":"Gasparyan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4870","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7972","article-title":"Cannabidiol tempers alcohol intake and neuroendocrine and behavioural correlates in alcohol binge drinking adolescent rats. Focus on calcitonin gene-related peptide\u2019s brain levels","volume":"37","author":"Tringali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5538","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291722002744","article-title":"Social stress under binge-like alcohol withdrawal in adolescence: Evidence of cannabidiol effect on maladaptive plasticity in rats","volume":"53","author":"Brancato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szulc, M., Kujawski, R., Pacholak, A., Poprawska, M., Czora-Poczwardowska, K., Geppert, B., and Mikolajczak, P.L. (2023). Cannabidiol as a Modulator of the Development of Alcohol Tolerance in Rats. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071702"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melkumyan, M., Annaswamy, V.M., Evans, A.M., Showemimo, O.F., McCullers, Z.E., Sun, D., Murphy, T.E., Vrana, K.E., Arnold, A.C., and Raup-Konsavage, W.M. (2024). Effects of cannabidiol, with and without \u22069-tetrahydrocannabinol, on anxiety-like behavior following alcohol withdrawal in mice. Front. Neurosci., 18.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1375440"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2017.06.004","article-title":"THC inhibits the expression of ethanol-induced locomotor sensitization in mice","volume":"65","author":"Filev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.109829","article-title":"Oral Cannabidiol does not alter Alcohol Seeking and Self-Administration in Baboons","volume":"245","author":"Moore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Baos, A., Puig-Reyne, X., Garcia-Algar, O., and Valverde, O. (2021). Cannabidiol attenuates cognitive deficits and neuroinflammation induced by early alcohol exposure in a mice model. Biomed. Pharmacother., 141.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111813"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2019.0056","article-title":"Use of Cannabis in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder","volume":"6","author":"Koren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106655","article-title":"Cannabidiol repairs behavioral and brain disturbances in a model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder","volume":"188","author":"Gasparyan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/10\/1296\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:12:41Z","timestamp":1760112761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/10\/1296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]]},"references-count":241,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["biom14101296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom14101296","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]]}}}