{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T01:52:05Z","timestamp":1791856325008,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem that influences digestion, immune response, metabolism, and has been linked to health and well-being. Choline is essential for neurotransmitters, lipid transport, cell-membrane signaling, methyl-group metabolism and is believed to have neuroprotective properties. It is found in two forms, water-soluble and lipid-soluble, and its metabolism is different. Long-term choline deficiency is associated with many diseases, and supplements are prescribed for improved health. Choline supplements can improve cognitive function in adults but not significantly. Choline is a precursor of phospholipids and an acetylcholine neurotransmitter precursor and can be generated de novo from phosphatidylcholine via phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase and choline oxidase. Choline supplementation has been found to have a beneficial effect on patients with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), by increasing amyloid-\u03b2, thioflavin S, and tau hyper-phosphorylation. Choline supplementation has been shown to reduce amyloid-plaque load and develop spatial memory in an APP\/PS1 mice model of AD. Choline is necessary for normative and improved function of brain pathways and can reduce amyloid-\u03b2 deposition and microgliosis. Clinical research suggests that early neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) can benefit from a combination of choline supplements and the drugs currently used to treat NDs in order to improve memory performance and synaptic functioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14111345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T04:28:43Z","timestamp":1729657723000},"page":"1345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Importance of Gut Microbiota on Choline Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5118-678X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Majid","family":"Eslami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35134, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farnaz","family":"Alibabaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35134, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Babaeizad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35134, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2231-1726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyedeh Zahra","family":"Banihashemian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35134, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8972-6171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Mazandarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11369, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2110-0321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aref","family":"Hoseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 49414, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ramezankhah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47134, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5088-3791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentyn","family":"Oksenych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahman","family":"Yousefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 35134, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15217","article-title":"The mutual interplay of gut microbiota, diet and human disease","volume":"287","author":"Illiano","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512005235","article-title":"Linking the gut microbiota to human health","volume":"109","author":"Alonso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. 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