{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:34:41Z","timestamp":1760146481944,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]],"date-time":"2024-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R01 GM114666","R01 AI126005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 GM114666","R01 AI126005"]}]},{"name":"OSU Public Health Preparedness for Infectious Diseases (PHPID)","award":["R01 GM114666","R01 AI126005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 GM114666","R01 AI126005"]}]},{"name":"Infectious Disease Institute","award":["R01 GM114666","R01 AI126005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 GM114666","R01 AI126005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Competition between bacterial species is a major factor shaping microbial communities. It is possible but remains largely unexplored that competition between bacterial pathogens can be mediated through antagonistic effects of bacterial effector proteins on host systems, particularly the actin cytoskeleton. Using Salmonella Typhimurium invasion into cells as a model, we demonstrate that invasion is inhibited if the host actin cytoskeleton is disturbed by actin-specific toxins, namely, Vibrio cholerae MARTX actin crosslinking (ACD) and Rho GTPase inactivation (RID) domains, Photorhabdus luminescens TccC3, and Salmonella\u2019s own SpvB. We noticed that ACD, being an effective inhibitor of tandem G-actin-binding assembly factors, is likely to inhibit the activity of another Vibrio effector, VopF. In reconstituted actin polymerization assays and by live-cell microscopy, we confirmed that ACD potently halted the actin nucleation and pointed-end elongation activities of VopF, revealing competition between these two V. cholerae effectors. These results suggest that bacterial effectors from different species that target the same host machinery or proteins may represent an effective but largely overlooked mechanism of indirect bacterial competition in host-associated microbial communities. Whether the proposed inhibition mechanism involves the actin cytoskeleton or other host cell compartments, such inhibition deserves investigation and may contribute to a documented scarcity of human enteric co-infections by different pathogenic bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14111428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T03:52:07Z","timestamp":1731297127000},"page":"1428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antagonistic Effects of Actin-Specific Toxins on Salmonella Typhimurium Invasion into Mammalian Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6482-4215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David B.","family":"Heisler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1646-1229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Kudryashova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regan","family":"Hitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Blake","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Dziejman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Gunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1782-3305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitri S.","family":"Kudryashov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01389.x","article-title":"Respiratory viral infection predisposing for bacterial disease: A concise review","volume":"26","author":"Hament","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. 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