{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:41:40Z","timestamp":1790358100969,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82100302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82100302"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Activins and inhibins, members of the transforming growth factor \u03b2 (TGF\u03b2) superfamily, were initially recognized for their opposing effects on the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone. Subsequent research has demonstrated their broader biological roles across various tissue types. Primarily, activins and inhibins function through the classical TGF\u03b2 SMAD signaling pathway, but studies suggest that they also act through other pathways, with their specific signaling being complex and context-dependent. Recent research has identified significant roles for activins and inhibins in the cardiovascular system. Their actions in other systems and their signaling pathways show strong correlations with the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases, indicating potential broader roles in the cardiovascular system. This review summarizes the progress in research on the biological functions and mechanisms of activins and inhibins and their signaling pathways in cardiovascular diseases, offering new insights for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14111462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T05:36:45Z","timestamp":1731908205000},"page":"1462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Activins and Inhibins in Cardiovascular Pathophysiology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9290-5016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenyi","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhilin","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiuqi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingzhi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongqian","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalin","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4955-5063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengyu","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, February 08). 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