{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T18:58:37Z","timestamp":1774292317263,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance (IR), which is prevalent worldwide and has significant adverse health effects. Metformin is commonly prescribed as a pharmacological treatment. Physical exercise is also recognized as an effective regulator of glycemia, independent of metformin. However, the effects of inter-day concurrent training (CT)\u2014which includes both endurance and resistance exercises\u2014combined with metformin treatment on metabolic markers and cardiorespiratory fitness in individuals with IR remain controversial. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effects of a 12-week inter-day CT program on metabolic markers and cardiorespiratory fitness in overweight\/obese individuals with IR, both with and without metformin treatment. Additionally, inter-individual responses to CT were examined. Materials and Methods: Data from the 2022\u20132023 Obesity Center database were retrospectively analyzed. According to the eligibility criteria, 20 overweight\/obese individuals diagnosed with IR participated in a 12-week CT program (three weekly sessions: two endurance and one resistance exercise session). Participants were divided into three groups: the exercise group (E-G: n = 7, 32.86 \u00b1 8.32 years, 85.2 \u00b1 19.67 kg), the exercise\u2013metformin group (E-MG: n = 6, 34.83 \u00b1 12.91 years, 88.13 \u00b1 12.66 kg), and the metformin-only control group (M-G: n = 7, 34.43 \u00b1 13.96 years, 94.23 \u00b1 13.93 kg). The M-G did not perform physical exercise during the 12 weeks but continued pharmacological treatment. Body composition, metabolic markers, and cardiorespiratory fitness were assessed before and after the 12-week CT program. Results: A group-by-time interaction was observed for fasting insulin (F2,17 = 34.059, p &lt; 0.001, \u03b72p = 0.88), the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) (F2,17 = 35.597, p &lt; 0.001, \u03b72p = 0.80), and maximal fat oxidation (MFO) (F2,17 = 4.541, p = 0.026, \u03b72p = 0.348) following the CT program. The maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) showed significant improvements in the E-G (F = 4.888, p = 0.041, \u2206+13.3%). Additionally, the percentage of fat mass (%FM) and body mass (BM) were significantly reduced across all groups (F = 125.244, p &lt; 0.001 and F = 91.130, p &lt; 0.001, respectively). The BM decreased by \u2206\u22129.43% in the E-G (five responders, Rs), \u2206+9.21% in the EM-G (5 Rs), and \u2206+5.15% in the M-G (3 Rs). The %FM was reduced in the E-G by \u2206\u221222.52% (seven Rs). Fasting insulin and the HOMA-IR significantly improved in both the E-G and EM-G, with fasting insulin showing a \u2206\u221282.1% reduction in the E-G (five Rs) and a \u2206\u221285% reduction in the EM-G (six Rs). Similarly, the HOMA-IR improved by \u2206+82.6% in the E-G (three Rs) and by \u2206+84.6% in the EM-G (six Rs). Conclusions: The 12-week inter-day concurrent training program, whether combined with metformin or not, was similarly effective in improving metabolic markers in patients with insulin resistance as metformin treatment alone. Both exercise groups demonstrated a significant reduction in insulin sensitivity and an increase in maximal fat oxidation. Meanwhile, exclusive pharmacological treatment with metformin markedly decreased cardiorespiratory fitness, and consequently, fat oxidation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14111470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T04:53:05Z","timestamp":1731991985000},"page":"1470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effect of a Concurrent Training Program with and Without Metformin Treatment on Metabolic Markers and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Individuals with Insulin Resistance: A Retrospective Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0552-2487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jairo","family":"Az\u00f3car-Gallardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 45071 Toledo, Spain"},{"name":"Programa de Investigaci\u00f3n en Deporte, Sociedad y Buen Vivir (DSBv), Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno 5290000, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad F\u00edsica, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno 5290000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2406-9622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Ojeda-Aravena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Docencia, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno 5290000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"B\u00e1ez-San Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Entrenador Deportivo, Escuela de Educaci\u00f3n, Universidad Vi\u00f1a del Mar, Vi\u00f1a del Mar 2580022, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Evaluaci\u00f3n y Prescripci\u00f3n de Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad F\u00edsica y del Deporte, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valpara\u00edso 2340000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5219-5896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Herrera-Valenzuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad de Santiago, Santiago 7591538, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5711-7520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo","family":"Tuesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile"},{"name":"Laboratory of Sports Sciences, Sports Medicine Centre Sports MD, Vi\u00f1a del Mar 2580022, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Tratamiento de la Obesidad, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8320165, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bibiana","family":"Calvo-Rico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 45071 Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 45071 Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malin, S.K., and Stewart, N.R. 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