{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T15:35:40Z","timestamp":1780673740911,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Silesia","award":["grant number BNW-1-160\/K\/3\/I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number BNW-1-160\/K\/3\/I"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cartilage destruction in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is diagnosed, often too late, on basis of clinical evaluation and radiographic imaging. This case\u2013control study investigated serum chondroitin\/dermatan sulfate (CS\/DS) as a potential biochemical marker of cartilage metabolism, aiming to improve early diagnosis and precision treatment for JIA. We also measured the levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) (using ELISA methods) in JIA patients (n = 55) both before and after treatment (prednisone, sulfasalazine, methotrexate, administered together), and analyzed their relationships with CS\/DS levels. Untreated JIA patients [8.26 \u00b5g\/mL (6.25\u20139.66)], especially untreated girls [8.57 \u00b5g\/mL (8.13\u20139.78)] and patients with a polyarticular form of the disease [7.09 \u00b5g\/mL (5.63\u20138.41)], had significantly reduced levels of serum CS\/DS compared with the control [14.48 \u00b5g\/mL (10.23\u201315.77)]. Therapy resulted in a significant increase in this parameter, but without normalization. We also found significantly lower levels of IGF-1 [66.04 ng\/mL (49.45\u201396.80)] and IGFBP-3 [3.37 ng\/mL (2.65\u20134.88)] in untreated patients compared with the control [96.92 ng\/mL (76.04\u2013128.59), 4.84 ng\/mL (4.21\u20137.750), respectively]. Based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the blood concentration of CS\/DS demonstrated the highest diagnostic power (AUC = 0.947) for JIA among all the tested markers. Untreated patients showed significant correlations between CS\/DS and IGF-1 (r = \u22120.579, p = 0.0000), IGFBP-3 (r = \u22120.506, p = 0.0001), and C-reactive protein (r = 0.601, p = 0.0005). The observed changes in CS\/DS during the course of JIA, influenced by both impairment of the IGF\/IGFBP axis and inflammation, indicate the need for continued therapy to protect patients from potential disability. We suggest that CS\/DS may be a useful biomarker of disease activity and could be employed to assess treatment efficacy and progress toward remission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14121526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T10:19:42Z","timestamp":1732789182000},"page":"1526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Serum CS\/DS, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3 as Biomarkers of Cartilage Remodeling in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3574-4133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Winsz-Szczotka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jedno\u015bci 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4762-4841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kornelia","family":"Ku\u017anik-Trocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jedno\u015bci 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4502-0828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa M.","family":"Ko\u017ama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jedno\u015bci 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogus\u0142aw","family":"\u017begle\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jedno\u015bci 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Gruenpeter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, The John Paul II Pediatric Center in Sosnowiec, ul. Gabrieli Zapolskiej 3, 41-218 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8781-0011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Wisowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jedno\u015bci 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2307-5884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Komosi\u0144ska-Vassev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jedno\u015bci 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5833-2628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krystyna","family":"Olczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jedno\u015bci 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.4274\/balkanmedj.2017.0111","article-title":"Juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"34","author":"Barut","year":"2017","journal-title":"Balkan Med. 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