{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T03:28:42Z","timestamp":1791084522332,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia","award":["#1161871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1161871"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia","award":["#2009326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2009326"]}]},{"name":"NHMRC-funded Centre for Research Excellence in Women\u2019s Health in Reproductive Life (CRE-WHiRL)","award":["#1161871"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#1161871"]}]},{"name":"NHMRC-funded Centre for Research Excellence in Women\u2019s Health in Reproductive Life (CRE-WHiRL)","award":["#2009326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2009326"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although inflammation may disrupt immunoendocrine crosstalk essential for female reproductive function, causal links to disorders like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and endometriosis remain unestablished. This study aimed to utilise Mendelian randomisation (MR) methods to explore causal associations between serum inflammatory markers and common reproductive disorders, aiming to identify novel mechanisms and potential avenues for treatment. Total causal effects of serum inflammatory markers (interleukins, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, etc.) on female reproductive disorders in large sample cohorts of Finnish ancestry were assessed using univariable two-sample MR methods, including the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method as the primary analysis, with relevant quality assessments (e.g., leave-one out, heterogeneity, and horizontal pleiotropy testing). The main outcome measures were PCOS (642 cases and 118,228 controls) and endometriosis (8288 cases and 68,969 controls) from the FINNGEN cohort. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1\/C-C motif chemokine ligand demonstrated a positive causal association with polycystic ovary syndrome (odds ratio [95% CI]: 1.48 [1.10, 2.00], p = 0.0097), while higher interleukin-9 levels were positively associated with endometriosis (1.15 [1.02, 1.30], p = 0.0277), both via the IVW method. These markers should be investigated as key candidates for future research into the mechanistic pathways underpinning these conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14121544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T06:58:58Z","timestamp":1733122738000},"page":"1544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exploring Causal Associations Between Serum Inflammatory Markers and Female Reproductive Disorders: A Mendelian Randomisation Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Alesi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7609-577X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Teede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Enticott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0301-0805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kushan","family":"De Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ume\u00e5 University, SE-901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7356-4523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aya","family":"Mousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.4788","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Infertility: A Review","volume":"326","author":"Carson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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