{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:11:00Z","timestamp":1791360660620,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24-65-00039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-65-00039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A significant role in the pathogenesis of CAVD is played by innate immunity cells, such as macrophages. In stenotic valves, macrophages have enhanced inflammatory activity, and the population\u2019s balance is shifted toward pro-inflammatory ones. Pro-inflammatory macrophages release cytokines, chemokines, and microRNA, which can directly affect the resident valvular cells and cause valve calcification. In CAVD patients, macrophages may have more pronounced pro-inflammatory properties, enhanced not only by paracrine signals but also by juxtacrine Notch signaling and epigenetic factors, which influence the maturation of macrophages\u2019 progenitors. In this review, we observe the accumulated data on the involvement of macrophages in CAVD development via paracrine and juxtacrine interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14121547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T13:34:04Z","timestamp":1733146444000},"page":"1547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Macrophages in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease: Paracrine and Juxtacrine Disease Drivers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Polina","family":"Klauzen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Regenerative Biomedicine, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg 194064, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9682-2874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liubov","family":"Basovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Regenerative Biomedicine, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg 194064, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1518-3888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Shishkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo 650002, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5959-1699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Markova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo 650002, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0820-2913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Malashicheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Regenerative Biomedicine, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg 194064, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2011.01.008","article-title":"Aortic Valve Disease and Treatment: The Need for Naturally Engineered Solutions","volume":"63","author":"Butcher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. 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