{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:52:15Z","timestamp":1791899535099,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cEst\u00edmulos a la Investigaci\u00f3n para Doctoras y Doctores 2024\u201d in the area of knowledge 3"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity, influenced by environmental pollutants, can lead to complex metabolic disruptions. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the molecular mechanisms underlying metabolically abnormal obesity caused by exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Following the PRISMA guidelines, articles from 2019 to 2024 were gathered from Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed, and a random-effects meta-analysis was performed, along with subgroup analyses and pathway enrichment analyses. This study was registered in the Open Science Framework. Thirty-three articles, mainly case\u2013control studies and murine models, were reviewed, and they revealed that combined exposure to HFD and PM2.5 resulted in the greatest weight gain (82.835 g, p = 0.048), alongside increases in high-density lipoproteins, insulin, and the superoxide dismutase. HFD enriched pathways linked to adipocytokine signaling in brown adipose tissue, while PM2.5 impacted genes associated with fat formation. Both exposures downregulated protein metabolism pathways in white adipose tissue and activated stress-response pathways in cardiac tissue. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in the liver were enriched, influencing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. These findings highlight that combined exposure to HFD and PM2.5 amplifies body weight gain, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysfunction, suggesting a synergistic interaction with significant implications for metabolic health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14121607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T06:48:39Z","timestamp":1734331719000},"page":"1607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Molecular Pathways Linking High-Fat Diet and PM2.5 Exposure to Metabolically Abnormal Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8220-6819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sagrario","family":"Lobato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud, Servicios de Salud del Estado de Puebla, 603 North 6th Street, Centro Colony, Puebla 72000, Mexico"},{"name":"Cl\u00ednica de Medicina Familiar con Especialidades y Quir\u00f3fano ISSSTE, 27 North Street 603, Santa Maria la Rivera Colony, Puebla 72045, Mexico"},{"name":"Educaci\u00f3n Superior, Centro de Estudios, \u201cJusto Sierra\u201d, Surutato, Badiraguato 80600, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9633-6681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor Manuel","family":"Salom\u00f3n-Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Educaci\u00f3n Superior, Centro de Estudios, \u201cJusto Sierra\u201d, Surutato, Badiraguato 80600, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8278-3683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia Magaly","family":"Espinosa-M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Cultura F\u00edsica, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, San Claudio Avenue and 22nd South Boulevard, Ciudad Universitaria Colony, Puebla 72560, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5390-8432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Nancy","family":"Herrera-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Educaci\u00f3n Superior, Centro de Estudios, \u201cJusto Sierra\u201d, Surutato, Badiraguato 80600, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaci\u00f3n para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Sinaloa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Juan de Dios B\u00e1tiz Boulevard 250, San Joachin Colony, Guasave 81049, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6658-6214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Garc\u00eda-Solano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Enfermer\u00eda, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, 25th Avenue West 1304, Los Volcanes Colony, Puebla 74167, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2768-9245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernestina","family":"P\u00e9rez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Educaci\u00f3n Superior, Centro de Estudios, \u201cJusto Sierra\u201d, Surutato, Badiraguato 80600, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaci\u00f3n para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Sinaloa, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Juan de Dios B\u00e1tiz Boulevard 250, San Joachin Colony, Guasave 81049, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4995-9939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Facundo","family":"Comba-Marc\u00f3-del-Pont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Cultura F\u00edsica, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, San Claudio Avenue and 22nd South Boulevard, Ciudad Universitaria Colony, Puebla 72560, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireya","family":"Montesano-Villamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subsecretar\u00eda de Servicios de Salud Zona B, Servicios de Salud del Estado de Puebla, 603 North 6th Street, Centro Colony, Puebla 72000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco Antonio","family":"Mora-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, San Claudio Avenue 1814, Ciudad Universitaria Colony, Puebla 72560, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3976-3550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Mancilla-Simbro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Educaci\u00f3n Superior, Centro de Estudios, \u201cJusto Sierra\u201d, Surutato, Badiraguato 80600, Mexico"},{"name":"HybridLab, Fisiolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Molecular de C\u00e9lulas Excitables, Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda, Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Prolongation of 14th South Street 6301, Ciudad Universitaria Colony, Puebla 72560, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramiro","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Valenzuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Educaci\u00f3n Superior, Centro de Estudios, \u201cJusto Sierra\u201d, Surutato, Badiraguato 80600, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101237","article-title":"Challenges in tackling energy expenditure as obesity therapy: From preclinical models to clinical application","volume":"51","author":"Betz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16210","article-title":"Explaining adult obesity, severe obesity, and BMI: Five decades of change","volume":"9","author":"Kranjac","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, X., and Li, H. (2021). Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutics. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.706978"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1768_17","article-title":"Obesity subtypes, related biomarkers & heterogeneity","volume":"151","author":"Mayoral","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, S.-M., Lee, D.H., Rezende, L.F.M., and Giovannucci, E.L. (2023). Different correlation of body mass index with body fatness and obesity-related biomarker according to age, sex and race-ethnicity. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30527-w"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e029111","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.029111","article-title":"Healthy Lifestyle Index and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Postmenopausal Women with Normal Body Mass Index","volume":"12","author":"Peila","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-022-00917-7","article-title":"Relationship between metabolically healthy obesity and the development of hypertension: A nationwide population-based study","volume":"14","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Zhou, Y., Dai, C., Zhao, G., Zhu, Y., and Zhang, X. (2021). Metabolically Abnormal but Normal-Weight Individuals Had a Higher Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Cohort Study of a Chinese Population. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.724873"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Renzo, L., Gualtieri, P., Frank, G., Cianci, R., Caldarelli, M., Leggeri, G., Raffaelli, G., Pizzocaro, E., Cirillo, M., and De Lorenzo, A. (2024). Exploring the Exposome Spectrum: Unveiling Endogenous and Exogenous Factors in Non-Communicable Chronic Diseases. Diseases, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases12080176"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4132\/jptm.2022.11.14","article-title":"Infections and immunity: Associations with obesity and related metabolic disorders","volume":"57","author":"Ray","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalil, W.J., Akeblersane, M., Khan, A.S., Moin, A.S.M., and Butler, A.E. (2023). Environmental Pollution and the Risk of Developing Metabolic Disorders: Obesity and Diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108870"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, G., Lin, B., and Ren, Y. (2023). Does Air Pollution Cause Obesity? New Evidence from China. Green Low-Carbon Econ., 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.47852\/bonviewGLCE3202736"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aslam, I., and Roeffaers, M.B.J. (2022). Carbonaceous Nanoparticle Air Pollution: Toxicity and Detection in Biological Samples. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12223948"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.150349","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on greenhouse gases emissions: A critical review","volume":"806","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2022.119472","article-title":"A review of particulate pollution over Himalaya region: Characteristics and salient factors contributing ambient PM pollution","volume":"294","author":"Hassan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13467","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and cardiovascular diseases: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"291","author":"Jaganathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuciureanu, M., Carata\u0219u, C.-C., Gabrielian, L., Fr\u0103sinariu, O.E., Checheri\u021b\u0103, L.E., Trandafir, L.M., Stanciu, G.D., Szilagyi, A., Pogonea, I., and Bordeianu, G. (2023). 360-Degree Perspectives on Obesity. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59061119"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2023.104461","article-title":"Global synthesis of two decades of research on improving PM2.5 estimation models from remote sensing and data science perspectives","volume":"241","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines: Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10), Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e28936","article-title":"PM2.5, component cause of severe metabolically abnormal obesity: An in silico, observational and analytical study","volume":"10","author":"Lobato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, F.-u., Nadeem, A., Li, Z., Javed, M., Liu, Q., Azhar, J., Rehman, M.S.-u., Cui, K., and Rehman, S.u. (2021). Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) in Energy Homeostasis of Dairy Animals: Exploiting Their Modulation through Nutrigenomic Interventions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212463"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17931","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17931","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors as therapeutic target for cancer","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Nakajima, T., Gonzalez, F.J., and Tanaka, N. (2020). PPARs as Metabolic Regulators in the Liver: Lessons from Liver-Specific PPAR-Null Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21062061"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2021.166097","article-title":"PPARs in liver physiology","volume":"1867","author":"Berthier","year":"2021","journal-title":"BBA Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, J., Yu, L., Qu, X., and Huang, T. (2023). The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the tumor microenvironment, tumor cell metabolism, and anticancer therapy. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1184794"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-020-08629-9","article-title":"Recent Insights on the Role of PPAR-\u03b2\/\u03b4 in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, and Its Potential Target for Therapy","volume":"23","author":"Strosznajder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuromolecular Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, N.-Y., Lim, C.-M., Park, H.-M., Kim, J., Pham, T.-H., Yang, Y., Lee, H.P., Hong, J.T., and Yoon, D.-Y. (2022). MMPP promotes adipogenesis and glucose uptake via binding to the PPAR\u03b3 ligand binding domain in 3T3-L1 MBX cells. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.994584"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, C., Mao, S., Chen, S., Zhang, W., and Liu, C. (2021). PPARs-Orchestrated Metabolic Homeostasis in the Adipose Tissue. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168974"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilu, W., Merk, D., Steinhilber, D., Proschak, E., and Heering, J. (2021). Heterodimer formation with retinoic acid receptor RXR\u03b1 modulates coactivator recruitment by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPAR\u03b3. J. Biol. Chem., 297.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.100814"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02709-y","article-title":"Retinoid X Receptor: Cellular and Biochemical Roles of Nuclear Receptor with a Focus on Neuropathological Involvement","volume":"59","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Ma, T., Liu, C., Ma, D., Wang, J., Liu, M., Ran, J., Wang, X., and Deng, X. (2023). PM2.5 induced liver lipid metabolic disorders in C57BL\/6J mice. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1212291"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7684","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c09361","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 As a Potential Target for Adipogenesis Induced by Fine Particulate Matter in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes","volume":"57","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2022.11.001","article-title":"ABC transporters: Human disease and pharmacotherapeutic potential","volume":"29","author":"Moore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassio Barreto de Oliveira, M., and Balan, A. (2020). The ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transport Systems in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Structure, Function, and Possible Targets for Therapeutics. Biology, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology9120443"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1038\/s42005-023-01320-y","article-title":"ABC transporters are billion-year-old Maxwell Demons","volume":"6","author":"Flatt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Phys."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koehn, L.M. (2021). ABC Transporters: An Overview. The ADME Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Guide on Biopharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51519-5_76-1"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.382239","article-title":"ATP-binding cassette transporters as possible targets for the intervention of neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"19","author":"Lok","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3965","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.13967","article-title":"An inventory of lysosomal ABC transporters","volume":"594","author":"Szakacs","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4812","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32437-3","article-title":"ABCA1 is an extracellular phospholipid translocase","volume":"13","author":"Segrest","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ristovski, M., Farhat, D., Bancud, S.E.M., and Lee, J.-Y. (2021). Lipid Transporters Beam Signals from Cell Membranes. Membranes, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202107.0244.v1"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2023.100385","article-title":"Is reverse cholesterol transport regulated by active cholesterol?","volume":"64","author":"Steck","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Lipid. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juhl, A.D., and W\u00fcstner, D. (2022). Pathways and Mechanisms of Cellular Cholesterol Efflux\u2014Insight from Imaging. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.834408"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-032620-104801","article-title":"Lipoproteins in the Central Nervous System: From Biology to Pathobiology","volume":"91","author":"Raulin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15170","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein-related cholesterol metabolism in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"159","author":"Pedrini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12948","article-title":"Deciphering structural aspects of reverse cholesterol transport: Mapping the knowns and unknowns","volume":"98","author":"Sacher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siddiqui, H., Yevstigneyev, N., Madani, G., and McCormick, S. (2022). Approaches to Visualising Endocytosis of LDL-Related Lipoproteins. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12020158"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gugliucci, A. (2024). The chylomicron saga: Time to focus on postprandial metabolism. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1322869"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-022-01754-3","article-title":"Dietary fat induced chylomicron-mediated LPS translocation in a bicameral Caco-2cell model","volume":"22","author":"Tomassen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumari, A., Kristensen, K.K., Ploug, M., and Winther, A.-M.L. (2021). The Importance of Lipoprotein Lipase Regulation in Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9070782"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2022.402","article-title":"Lipoprotein Lipase: Is It a Magic Target for the Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia","volume":"37","author":"Moon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-002-0384-9","article-title":"Lipoprotein lipase: Structure, function, regulation, and role in disease","volume":"80","author":"Mead","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04169-6","article-title":"Regulatory mechanisms of the early phase of white adipocyte differentiation: An overview","volume":"79","author":"Audano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., and Spalding, K.L. (2022). The regulation of adipocyte growth in white adipose tissue. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.1003219"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Patti, M., Hanspers, K., Lersel, M.V., Summer-Kutmon, M., and Willighagen, E. (2024, July 13). Adipogenesis genes (WP447). Available online: https:\/\/www.wikipathways.org\/instance\/WP447."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2023.01.012","article-title":"FOXO1 represses PPAR\u03b1-Mediated induction of FGF21 gene expression","volume":"644","author":"Gacias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108312","article-title":"TET2 is recruited by CREB to promote Cebpb, Cebpa, and Pparg transcription by facilitating hydroxymethylation during adipocyte differentiation","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138652","article-title":"Real-ambient exposure to air pollution exaggerates excessive growth of adipose tissue modulated by Nrf2 signal","volume":"730","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116136","article-title":"Functional identification of long non-coding RNAs induced by PM2.5 in microglia through microarray analysis","volume":"273","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2024, July 13). KEGG Pathway. Cytokine-Cytokine Receptor Interaction\u2014Homo sapiens (Human). Available online: https:\/\/www.genome.jp\/pathway\/hsa04060."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arunachalam, A.B. (2024). Vaccines Induce Homeostatic Immunity, Generating Several Secondary Benefits. Vaccines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12040396"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan, A.T., Kim, M., and Lim, K. (2024). Immune Cell Migration to Cancer. Cells., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13100844"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmeth.2023.100502","article-title":"Single-cell deep phenotyping of cytokine release unmasks stimulation-specific biological signatures and distinct secretion dynamics","volume":"3","author":"Portmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Methods"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153712","article-title":"Cascade of immune mechanism and consequences of inflammatory disorders","volume":"91","author":"Megha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102617","article-title":"The IL-1 family cytokines and receptors in autoimmune diseases","volume":"19","author":"Migliorini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metcalfe, R.D., Putoczki, T.L., and Griffin, M.D.W. (2020). Structural Understanding of Interleukin 6 Family Cytokine Signaling and Targeted Therapies: Focus on Interleukin 11. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01424"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.2337\/db23-0609","article-title":"Adipocyte-Specific Hnrnpa1 Knockout Aggravates Obesity-Induced Metabolic Dysfunction via Upregulation of CCL2","volume":"73","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-024-00935-4","article-title":"Association of PM2.5 chemical constituents with general, abdominal and visceral obesity and mediation roles of physical activity","volume":"36","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306841","article-title":"Air Pollution\u2013Mediated Susceptibility to Inflammation and Insulin Resistance: Influence of CCR2 Pathways in Mice","volume":"122","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158598","article-title":"Moderate physical activity against effects of short-term PM2.5 exposure on BP via myokines-induced inflammation","volume":"854","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-023-1909-1","article-title":"Effect of Baseline BMI and IL-6 Subgroup Membership on Gait Speed Response to Caloric Restriction in Older Adults with Obesity","volume":"27","author":"Hsieh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3390\/cardiogenetics14020008","article-title":"Gene Polymorphisms LEP, LEPR, 5HT2A, GHRL, NPY, and FTO-Obesity Biomarkers in Metabolic Risk Assessment: A Retrospective Pilot Study in Overweight and Obese Population in Romania","volume":"14","author":"Penes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiogenetics"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, P., Selvaraju, V., Babu, J.R., Wang, X., and Geetha, T. (2022). Racial Disparities in Methylation of NRF1, FTO, and LEPR Gene in Childhood Obesity. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13112030"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"71","article-title":"Role of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) in the process of neurogenesis at the hippocampal level","volume":"23","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Neuroci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qannita, R.A., Alalami, A.I., Harb, A.A., Aleidi, S.M., Taneera, J., Abu-Gharbieh, E., El-Huneidi, W., Saleh, M.A., Alzoubi, K.H., and Semreen, M.H. (2024). Targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1) in Cancer: Emerging Therapeutic Strategies and Pathway Regulation. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17020195"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Infantino, V., Santarsiero, A., Convertini, P., Todisco, S., and Iacobazzi, V. (2021). Cancer Cell Metabolism in Hypoxia: Role of HIF-1 as Key Regulator and Therapeutic Target. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115703"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirota, K. (2021). HIF-\u03b1 Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors and Their Implications for Biomedicine: A Comprehensive Review. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9050468"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nara, H., and Watanabe, R. (2021). Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Muscle-Derived Interleukin-6 and Its Involvement in Lipid Metabolism. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189889"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farahani, M., Niknam, Z., Mohammadi Amirabad, L., Amiri-Dashatan, N., Koushki, M., Nemati, M., Danesh Pouya, F., Rezaei-Tavirani, M., Rasmi, Y., and Tayebi, L. (2022). Molecular pathways involved in COVID-19 and potential pathway-based therapeutic targets. Biomed. Pharmacother., 145.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112420"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lest\u00f3n Pinilla, L., Ugun-Klusek, A., Rutella, S., and De Girolamo, L.A. (2021). Hypoxia Signaling in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: There Is Use in Asking \u201cWhat HIF?\u201d. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10080723"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yfantis, A., Mylonis, I., Chachami, G., Nikolaidis, M., Amoutzias, G.D., Paraskeva, E., and Simos, G. (2023). Transcriptional Response to Hypoxia: The Role of HIF-1-Associated Co-Regulators. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12050798"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albanese, A., Daly, L.A., Mennerich, D., Kietzmann, T., and S\u00e9e, V. (2021). The Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Post-Translational Modifications in Regulating Its Localisation, Stability, and Activity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202012.0112.v1"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00587-8","article-title":"The effect of HIF on metabolism and immunity","volume":"18","author":"Taylor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh, R., Samanta, P., Sarkar, R., Biswas, S., Saha, P., Hajra, S., and Bhowmik, A. (2022). Targeting HIF-1\u03b1 by Natural and Synthetic Compounds: A Promising Approach for Anti-Cancer Therapeutics Development. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27165192"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9262","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45110580","article-title":"Interaction and Collaboration of SP1, HIF-1, and MYC in Regulating the Expression of Cancer-Related Genes to Further Enhance Anticancer Drug Development","volume":"45","author":"Kimura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watts, D., Gaete, D., Rodriguez, D., Hoogewijs, D., Rauner, M., Sormendi, S., and Wielockx, B. (2020). Hypoxia Pathway Proteins are Master Regulators of Erythropoiesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202010.0136.v1"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-020-01719-5","article-title":"The role of hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment and development of cancer stem cell: A novel approach to developing treatment","volume":"21","author":"Najafgholian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.-H., Golinska, M., and Griffiths, J.R. (2021). HIF-1-Independent Mechanisms Regulating Metabolic Adaptation in Hypoxic Cancer Cells. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092371"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-0736","article-title":"HIF-2\u03b1 Preserves Mitochondrial Activity and Glucose Sensing in Compensating \u03b2-Cells in Obesity","volume":"71","author":"Moon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, M., Boytard, L., Hadi, T., Koelwyn, G., Simon, R., Ouimet, M., Seifert, L., Spiro, W., Yan, B., and Hutchison, S. (2020). Enhanced glycolysis and HIF-1\u03b1 activation in adipose tissue macrophages sustains local and systemic interleukin-1\u03b2 production in obesity. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62272-9"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Wells, G.A., Shea, B., O\u2019Connell, D., Peterson, J., Welch, V., Losos, M., and Tugwell, P. (2024, August 07). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta-Analyses. Available online: https:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113081","article-title":"Association between prenatal cadmium exposure and cognitive development of offspring: A systematic review","volume":"254","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105802","article-title":"The pests of a pest: A systematic review of ectoparasitic fauna among synanthropic rodents in the 21st century with meta-analysis","volume":"215","author":"Ho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"JBI (2024, August 07). Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS Tool). Available online: https:\/\/jbi.global\/critical-appraisal-tools."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2024.106257","article-title":"Occurrence and molecular prevalence of Anaplasmataceae, Rickettsiaceae and Coxiellaceae in African wildlife: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"230","author":"Cossu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2022.01.014","article-title":"Ultrasound Shear Wave Elastography of the Intervertebral Disc and Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"48","author":"Moens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, J., Luo, L., Zhou, T., Feng, X., Ye, J., and Zhong, B. (2023). Alterations in Circulating Bile Acids in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13091356"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos-Mart\u00ednez, E., Ramos-Mart\u00ednez, I., S\u00e1nchez-Betancourt, I., Ramos-Mart\u00ednez, J.C., Pe\u00f1a-Corona, S.I., Valencia, J., Saucedo, R., Almeida-Aguirre, E.K.P., and Cerb\u00f3n, M. (2022). Association between Galectin Levels and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12081062"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suwanwong, C., Jansem, A., Intarakamhang, U., Prasittichok, P., Tuntivivat, S., Chuenphittayavut, K., Le, K., and Lien, L.T.M. (2024). Modifiable predictors of mental health literacy in the educational context: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-01878-4"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000001469","article-title":"Resilience and related factors in caregivers of adult cancer patients: A systematic review","volume":"86","author":"Mollaei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"(2024, August 07). Open Meta-Analyst. Available online: http:\/\/www.cebm.brown.edu\/openmeta\/doc\/openMA_help.html#self."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.3390\/psych4040049","article-title":"A Tutorial on How to Conduct Meta-Analysis with IBM SPSS Statistics","volume":"4","author":"Sen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psych"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e31471","article-title":"Targeted variant prevalence of FBXW7 gene mutation in colorectal carcinoma propagation. The first systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Afolabi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2021.2012589","article-title":"Drug-induced liver injury by glecaprevir\/pibrentasvir treatment for chronic hepatitis C infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Hung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Zhang, H., Zhang, C., Luo, J., Wang, H., Wu, H., Zhu, Y., Cui, H., Wang, J., and Li, H. (2021). The Prevalence of Psychological Status During the COVID-19 Epidemic in China: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Psychol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.614964"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toth, G. (2021). Exponential and Logarithmic Functions. Elements of Mathematics: A Problem-Centered Approach to History and Foundations, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-75051-0_10"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parisi, E., Sorolla, A., Montal, R., Gonz\u00e1lez-Resina, R., Novell, A., Salud, A., and Sorolla, M.A. (2020). Prognostic Factors Involved in the Epithelial\u2013Mesenchymal Transition Process in Colorectal Cancer Have a Preponderant Role in Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12113330"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W415","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae456","article-title":"WebGestalt 2024: Faster gene set analysis and new support for metabolomics and multi-omics","volume":"52","author":"Elizarraras","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, N., Chen, C., Wang, J., Huang, J., Yao, D., and Li, C. (2021). Atorvastatin Ester Regulates Lipid Metabolism in Hyperlipidemia Rats via the PPAR-signaling Pathway and HMGCR Expression in the Liver. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011107"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.103439","article-title":"Ameliorative effect of Lactobacillus plantarum WW-fermented soy extract on rat fatty liver via the PPAR signaling pathway","volume":"60","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, S., Yuan, C., Si, B., Wang, M., Da, S., Bai, L., and Wu, W. (2019). Combined effects of ambient particulate matter exposure and a high-fat diet on oxidative stress and steatohepatitis in mice. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214680"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4858740","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4858740","article-title":"Effects of High-Fat Diet on eHSP72 and Extra-to-Intracellular HSP70 Levels in Mice Submitted to Exercise under Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter","volume":"2019","author":"Kostrycki","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113366","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to diesel exhaust PM2.5 programmed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease differently in adult male offspring of mice fed normal chow and a high-fat diet","volume":"255","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2018.81039","article-title":"Potential injurious effects of the fine particulate PM2.5 on the progression of atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice by activating platelets and leukocytes","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campolim, C.M., Weissmann, L., Ferreira, C.K.d.O., Zord\u00e3o, O.P., Dornellas, A.P.S., de Castro, G., Zanotto, T.M., Boico, V.F., Quaresma, P.G.F., and Lima, R.P.A. (2020). Short-term exposure to air pollution (PM2.5) induces hypothalamic inflammation, and long-term leads to leptin resistance and obesity via Tlr4\/Ikbke in mice. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67040-3"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32006","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09581-8","article-title":"The association of subchronic exposure to low concentration of PM2.5 and high-fat diet potentiates glucose intolerance development, by impairing adipose tissue antioxidant defense and eHSP72 levels","volume":"27","author":"Mai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahlem, C., Kado, S.Y., He, Y., Bein, K., Wu, D., Haarmann-Stemmann, T., Kado, N.Y., and Vogel, C.F.A. (2020). AHR Signaling Interacting with Nutritional Factors Regulating the Expression of Markers in Vascular Inflammation and Atherogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218287"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122203","article-title":"Combined exposure of fine particulate matter and high-fat diet aggravate the cardiac fibrosis in C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"391","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114077","article-title":"Association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and obesity in a Chinese rural population: The Henan Rural Cohort Study","volume":"260","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6034","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137315","article-title":"Metabolic effects of air pollution exposure and reversibility","volume":"130","author":"Rajagopalan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139304","article-title":"Effects of exposure to ambient fine particulate matter on the heart of diet-induced obesity mouse model","volume":"732","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Wang, F., Yang, L., Li, Q., Huang, Y., Cheng, Z., Chu, H., Song, Y., Shang, L., and Hao, W. (2020). Effects of coal-fired PM2.5 on the expression levels of atherosclerosis-related proteins and the phosphorylation level of MAPK in ApoE\u2212\/\u2212 mice. BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-020-00411-8"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2020.111215","article-title":"Ovariectomy enhances female rats\u2019 susceptibility to metabolic, oxidative, and heat shock response effects induced by a high-fat diet and fine particulate matter","volume":"145","author":"Friske","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112485","article-title":"Evaluation of fine particulate matter on vascular endothelial function in vivo and in vitro","volume":"222","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116849","article-title":"PM2.5 induces intestinal damage by affecting gut microbiota and metabolites of rats fed a high-carbohydrate diet","volume":"279","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.07.024","article-title":"Combined exposure to PM2.5 and high-fat diet facilitates the hepatic lipid metabolism disorders via ROS\/miR-155\/PPAR\u03b3 pathway","volume":"190","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120437","article-title":"Co-exposure of PM2.5 and high-fat diet induce lipid metabolism reprogramming and vascular remodeling","volume":"315","author":"Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.10.016","article-title":"Exposure to air pollution is associated with an increased risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease","volume":"76","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127129","article-title":"Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter impedes the function of spleen in the mouse metabolism of high-fat diet","volume":"423","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113228","article-title":"Oxidative stress activates Ryr2-Ca2+ and apoptosis to promote PM2.5-induced heart injury of hyperlipidemia mice","volume":"232","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-023-00518-w","article-title":"Lung versus gut exposure to air pollution particles differentially affect metabolic health in mice","volume":"20","author":"Bosch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-023-00526-w","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes and diet-induced obesity predispose C57BL\/6J mice to PM2.5-induced lung injury: A comparative study","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121468","article-title":"Air pollution combined with high-fat feeding aggravates metabolic and cardiovascular diseases: A dangerous, oxidative, and immune-inflammatory association","volume":"317","author":"Friske","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.114897","article-title":"Ambient particulate matter exposure plus chronic ethanol ingestion exacerbates hepatic fibrosis by triggering the mitochondrial ROS-ferroptosis signaling pathway in mice","volume":"256","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-22196-5","article-title":"Moderate aerobic training is safe and improves glucose intolerance induced by the association of high fat diet and air pollution","volume":"30","author":"Donato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2023.100912","article-title":"Long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 and its constituents is associated with MAFLD","volume":"5","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115200","article-title":"Effects of PM2.5 and high-fat diet interaction on blood glucose metabolism in adolescent male Wistar rats: A serum metabolomics analysis based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry","volume":"262","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115094","article-title":"Histological features of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease revealed in response to mixed vehicle emission exposure and consumption of a high-fat diet in wildtype C57Bl\/6 male mice","volume":"261","author":"Schneider","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/19338244.2023.2166892","article-title":"Atorvastatin ameliorated PM2.5-induced atherosclerosis in rats","volume":"78","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2022.153415","article-title":"PM2.5 induces the abnormal lipid metabolism and leads to atherosclerosis via Notch signaling pathway in rats","volume":"485","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121603","article-title":"Particulate air pollution exaggerates diet-induced insulin resistance through NLRP3 inflammasome in mice","volume":"328","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108780","article-title":"Effects of PM2.5 and high-fat diet on glucose and lipid metabolisms and role of MT-COX3 methylation in male rats","volume":"188","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-016-0503-7","article-title":"Fine particulate matter potentiates type 2 diabetes development in high-fat diet-treated mice: Stress response and extracellular to intracellular HSP70 ratio analysis","volume":"72","author":"Grochanke","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13552","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13552","article-title":"Fine particulate matter induces adipose tissue expansion and weight gain: Pathophysiology","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinmanee, P., Sompinit, K., Jantimaporn, A., Khongkow, M., Haltrich, D., Nimchua, T., and Sukyai, P. (2023). Purification and Immobilization of Superoxide Dismutase Obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae TBRC657 on Bacterial Cellulose and Its Protective Effect against Oxidative Damage in Fibroblasts. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13071156"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, M., Liu, Y., Zhang, G., Yang, Z., Xu, W., and Chen, Q. (2023). The Applications and Mechanisms of Superoxide Dismutase in Medicine, Food, and Cosmetics. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12091675"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bal, A., Panda, F., Pati, S.G., Das, K., Agrawal, P.K., and Paital, B. (2021). Modulation of physiological oxidative stress and antioxidant status by abiotic factors especially salinity in aquatic organisms. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol., 241.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2020.108971"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.12703\/r\/10-13","article-title":"Oxidative stress: An evolving definition","volume":"10","author":"Ji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fac. Rev."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cancerbio-062822-122840","article-title":"Metabolic Rewiring During Metastasis: The Interplay Between the Environment and the Host","volume":"8","author":"Vandekeere","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_150","unstructured":"Lash, T.L., VanderWeele, T.J., Haneuse, S., and Rothman, K.J. (2021). Modern Epidemiology, Wolters Kluwer. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juanola, O., Mart\u00ednez-L\u00f3pez, S., Franc\u00e9s, R., and G\u00f3mez-Hurtado, I. (2021). Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Metabolic, Genetic, Epigenetic and Environmental Risk Factors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105227"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.26650\/experimed.1384602","article-title":"Gene Expression Profile as a Precursor of Inflammation in Mouse Models: BFMI860 and C57BL\/6NCrl","volume":"14","author":"Brockmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Experimed"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerra-Cantera, S., Frago, L.M., D\u00edaz, F., Ros, P., Jim\u00e9nez-Hernaiz, M., Freire-Regatillo, A., Barrios, V., Argente, J., and Chowen, J.A. (2020). Short-Term Diet Induced Changes in the Central and Circulating IGF Systems Are Sex Specific. Front. Endocrinol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00513"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2174\/1874467208666150817111114","article-title":"Role of CYP2E1 in Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Hepatic Injury by Alcohol and Non-Alcoholic Substances","volume":"10","author":"Abdelmegeed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.175504","article-title":"Asperuloside alleviates lipid accumulation and inflammation in HFD-induced NAFLD via AMPK signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"942","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6424","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO00759J","article-title":"Anti-obesity effects of a standardized ethanol extract of Eisenia bicyclis by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 cells and HFD-induced mice","volume":"15","author":"Yoon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-9-40","article-title":"Effect of co-exposure to nickel and particulate matter on insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction in a mouse model","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Songtrai, S., Pratchayasakul, W., Arunsak, B., Chunchai, T., Kongkaew, A., Chattipakorn, N., Chattipakorn, S.C., and Kaewsuwan, S. (2022). Cyclosorus terminans Extract Ameliorates Insulin Resistance and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in High-Fat Diet (HFD)-Induced Obese Rats. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224895"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Li, X., Zhang, B., Li, Y., Chen, K., Qi, H., Gao, M., Rong, J., Liu, L., and Wan, Y. (2024). Tangshen formula targets the gut microbiota to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HFD mice: A 16S rRNA and non-targeted metabolomics analyses. Biomed. Pharmacother., 173.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116405"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119135","article-title":"The influence of PM2.5 exposure on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"270","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.110796","article-title":"Red raspberry extract (Rubus idaeus L shrub) intake ameliorates hyperlipidemia in HFD-induced mice through PPAR signaling pathway","volume":"133","author":"Tu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168167","article-title":"\u03b23 adrenergic receptor activation alleviated PM2.5-induced hepatic lipid deposition in mice","volume":"907","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128653","article-title":"PM2.5 induced weight loss of mice through altering the intestinal microenvironment: Mucus barrier, gut microbiota, and metabolic profiling","volume":"431","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida-Silva, M., Cardoso, J., Alem\u00e3o, C., Santos, S., Monteiro, A., Manteigas, V., and Marques-Ramos, A. (2022). Impact of Particles on Pulmonary Endothelial Cells. Toxics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10060312"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2019.11.016","article-title":"A twist of FATe: Lipid droplets and inflammatory lipid mediators","volume":"169","author":"Jarc","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-023-01241-x","article-title":"Lipid overload-induced RTN3 activation leads to cardiac dysfunction by promoting lipid droplet biogenesis","volume":"31","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.14808","article-title":"Lipid droplets and fatty acid-induced lipotoxicity: In a nutshell","volume":"598","author":"Obaseki","year":"2024","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/12\/1607\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:53:02Z","timestamp":1760115182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/14\/12\/1607"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"references-count":167,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["biom14121607"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom14121607","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]}}}