{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T15:10:43Z","timestamp":1778425843810,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]],"date-time":"2024-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004504","name":"Research Council of Lithuania","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S-PD-22-95"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S-PD-22-95"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004504","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Eosinophils are central inflammatory cells in asthma; however, a portion of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have blood or sputum eosinophilia, a condition termed eosinophilic COPD (eCOPD), which may contribute to the progression of the disease. We hypothesize that eosinophilic inflammation in eCOPD patients is related to Type 2 (T2)-high inflammation seen in asthma and that serum mediators might help us to identify T2-high inflammation in patients and choose an appropriate personalized treatment strategy. Thus, we aimed to investigate ten serum levels of T2-high inflammation mediators in eCOPD patients and compare them to severe non-allergic eosinophilic asthma (SNEA) patients. We included 8 subjects with eCOPD, 10 with SNEA, and 11 healthy subjects (HS) as a control group. The concentrations of biomarkers in serum samples were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this study, we found that eCOPD patients were distinguished from SNEA patients by elevated serum levels of sIL-5R\u03b1, MET, TRX1, ICTP, and IL-4, as well as decreased serum levels of eotaxin-1 and sFc\u03b5RI. Moreover, MET, ICTP, eotaxin-1, and sFc\u03b5RI demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity as potential biomarkers for eCOPD patients. Furthermore, serum levels of IL-5 and IL-25 in combination with sIL-5R\u03b1, MET, and IL-4 demonstrated a high value in identifying T2-high inflammation in eCOPD patients. In conclusion, this study highlights that while T2-high inflammation drives eosinophilic inflammation in both eCOPD and SNEA through similar mechanisms, the distinct expression of its mediators reflects an imbalance between T1 and T2 inflammation pathways in eCOPD patients. A combined analysis of serum mediators may aid in identifying T2-high inflammation in eCOPD patients and in selecting an appropriate personalized treatment strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14121648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T04:33:29Z","timestamp":1734928409000},"page":"1648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Serum T2-High Inflammation Mediators in Eosinophilic COPD"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8490-4212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrius","family":"Januskevicius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pulmonology, Department of Pulmonology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2059-1197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egle","family":"Vasyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pulmonology, Department of Pulmonology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5418-3269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Airidas","family":"Rimkunas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pulmonology, Department of Pulmonology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7329-0504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolita","family":"Palacionyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6870-343X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginija","family":"Kalinauskaite-Zukauske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9141-2884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kestutis","family":"Malakauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pulmonology, Department of Pulmonology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2346598","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.46598","article-title":"Global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through 2050","volume":"6","author":"Boers","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. 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