{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T07:28:40Z","timestamp":1787902120944,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":252,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]],"date-time":"2024-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Alberta Distinguished University Professorship Research Allowance","award":["RES0067002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RES0067002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Schizophrenia is a complex heterogenous disorder thought to be caused by interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The theories developed to explain the etiology of schizophrenia have focused largely on the dysfunction of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin and glutamate with their receptors, although research in the past several decades has indicated strongly that other factors are also involved and that the role of neuroglial cells in psychotic disorders including schizophrenia should be given more attention. Although glia were originally thought to be present in the brain only to support neurons in a physical, metabolic and nutritional capacity, it has become apparent that these cells have a variety of important physiological roles and that abnormalities in their function may make significant contributions to the symptoms of schizophrenia. In the present paper, we review the interactions of brain microglia, astrocytes and oligodendroglia with aspects such as transmitter dysregulation, neuro-inflammation, oxidative stress, synaptic function, the gut microbiome, myelination and the blood\u2013brain barrier that appear to affect the cause, development and treatment of schizophrenia. We also review crosstalk between microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and the effects of antipsychotics on neuroglia. Problems associated with studies on specific biomarkers for glia in schizophrenia are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]],"date-time":"2024-12-25T19:19:32Z","timestamp":1735154372000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Role of Neuroglia in the Development and Progression of Schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Neha S.","family":"Rawani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurochemical Research Unit and Bebensee Schizophrenia Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen W.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurochemical Research Unit and Bebensee Schizophrenia Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn G.","family":"Todd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurochemical Research Unit and Bebensee Schizophrenia Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1581-6486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glen B.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurochemical Research Unit and Bebensee Schizophrenia Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9943-851X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serdar M.","family":"Dursun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurochemical Research Unit and Bebensee Schizophrenia Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8881770","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8881770","article-title":"Oxidative Stress-Related Mechanisms in Schizophrenia Pathogenesis and New Treatment Perspectives","volume":"2021","author":"Ermakov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23982128211009148","DOI":"10.1177\/23982128211009148","article-title":"Astrocytes in Schizophrenia","volume":"5","author":"Notter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Neurosci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2023.11.015","article-title":"The Schizophrenia Syndrome, circa 2024: What We Know and How That Informs Its Nature","volume":"264","author":"Tandon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.]. Text Revision.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S225643","article-title":"Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: A Review and Clinical Guide for Recognition, Assessment, and Treatment","volume":"16","author":"Correll","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fi\u0161ar, Z. (2023). Biological Hypotheses, Risk Factors, and Biomarkers of Schizophrenia. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 120.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2022.110626"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09552","article-title":"Rethinking Schizophrenia","volume":"468","author":"Insel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30302-5","article-title":"Glial Cells in Schizophrenia: A Unified Hypothesis","volume":"7","author":"Dietz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.295.6600.681","article-title":"Is Schizophrenia a Neurodevelopmental Disorder?","volume":"295","author":"Murray","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890310010005","article-title":"The Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: A Review of Recent Developments","volume":"35","author":"McGrath","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.5455\/bcp.20161123044657","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Schizophrenia: A Critical Review and the Future","volume":"26","author":"Ariciloglu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanca, S., Rossetti, M., Bokulic Panichi, L., and Bongioanni, P. (2024). The Cellular Dysfunction of the Brain\u2013Blood Barrier from Endothelial Cells to Astrocytes: The Pathway Towards Neurotransmitter Impairment in Schizophrenia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021250"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0601-3","article-title":"Epigenetic Mechanisms in Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders: A Systematic Review of Empirical Human Findings","volume":"25","author":"Smigielski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Xiao, L., and Chen, X. (2022). Histone Acetylation and Methylation Underlie Oligodendroglial and Myelin Susceptibility in Schizophrenia. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.823708"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RP92393","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.92393.3","article-title":"Antipsychotic-Induced Epigenomic Reorganization in Frontal Cortex of Individuals with Schizophrenia","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.084384","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis of Schizophrenia","volume":"198","author":"Owen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxn001","article-title":"Schizophrenia: A Concise Overview of Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality","volume":"30","author":"McGrath","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"492","article-title":"The Significance of Dopamine-Receptor Blockade for the Mechanism of Action of Neuroleptic Drugs","volume":"160","year":"1966","journal-title":"Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890010203","article-title":"Dopamine Receptors and the Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia","volume":"1","author":"Seeman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.11.1474","article-title":"Dopamine in Schizophrenia: A Review and Reconceptualization","volume":"148","author":"Davis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867043456034","article-title":"Schizophrenia: From Dopamine to Glutamate and Back","volume":"11","author":"Carlsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp006","article-title":"The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: Version III\u2014The Final Common Pathway","volume":"35","author":"Howes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852918001013","article-title":"Beyond the Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia to Three Neural Networks of Psychosis: Dopamine, Serotonin, and Glutamate","volume":"23","author":"Stahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.181","article-title":"From Revolution to Evolution: The Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia and Its Implication for Treatment","volume":"37","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mei, Y.-Y., Wu, D.C., and Zhou, N. (2018). Astrocytic Regulation of Glutamate Transmission in Schizophrenia. Front. Psychiatry, 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00544"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.03.013","article-title":"A Serotonin Hypothesis of Schizophrenia","volume":"80","author":"Eggers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2174\/1573400054065569","article-title":"Dysfunction of Glia-Neuron Communication in Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia","volume":"1","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867419835028","article-title":"Adjunctive Use of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs for Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analytic investigation of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"53","author":"Cho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.141","article-title":"Molecular Substrates of Schizophrenia: Homeostatic Signaling to Connectivity","volume":"21","author":"Faust","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.211","article-title":"Towards an Immunophenotype of Schizophrenia: Progress, Potential Mechanisms, and Future Directions","volume":"42","author":"Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30293-6","article-title":"The Blood\u2013Brain Barrier in Psychosis","volume":"5","author":"Pollak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-020-00535-1","article-title":"Inflammation in Mental Disorders: Is the Microbiota the Missing Link?","volume":"36","author":"Ouabbou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24172","article-title":"Endocannabinoid Signaling in Brain Diseases: Emerging Relevance of Glial Cells","volume":"71","author":"Tepavcevic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ermakov, E.A., Melamud, M.M., Buneva, V.N., and Ivanova, S.A. (2022). Immune System Abnormalities in Schizophrenia: An Integrative View and Translational Perspectives. Front. Psychiatry, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.880568"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray, A.J., Rogers, J.C., Katshu, M., Liddle, P.F., and Upthegrove, R. (2021). Oxidative Stress and the Pathophysiology and Symptom Profile of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders. Front. Psychiatry, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.703452"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2021.2006514","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in Schizophrenia: Are These Opportunities for Repurposing?","volume":"134","author":"Ansari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6460","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-02976-3","article-title":"Linking Inflammation, Aberrant Glutamate-Dopamine Interaction, and Post-Synaptic Changes: Translational Relevance for Schizophrenia and Antipsychotic Treatment: A Systematic Review","volume":"59","author":"Barone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsamakis, K., Galinaki, S., Alevyzakis, E., Hortis, I., Tsiptsios, D., Kollintza, E., Kympouropoulos, S., Triantafyllou, K., Smyrnis, N., and Rizos, E. (2022). Gut Microbiome: A Brief Review on Its Role in Schizophrenia and First Episode of Psychosis. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10061121"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02233-0","article-title":"The Interplay of Dopamine Metabolism Abnormalities and Mitochondrial Deficits in the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neha, N.S., Chan, A.W., Dursun, S.M., and Baker, G.B. (2024). The Underlying Neurobiological Mechanisms of Psychosis: Focus on Neurotransmission Dysregulation, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13060709"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1583","article-title":"Emerging Evidence for Astrocyte Dysfunction in Schizophrenia","volume":"70","author":"Cali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.06.021","article-title":"Redox Dysregulation, Neuroinflammation, and NMDA Receptor Hypofunction: A \u201cCentral Hub\u201d in Schizophrenia Pathophysiology?","volume":"176","author":"Steullet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-018-0874-6","article-title":"Cannabinoids and Glial Cells: Possible Mechanism to Understand Schizophrenia","volume":"268","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Picker, L., Fransen, E., Coppens, V., Timmers, M., de Boer, P., Oberacher, H., Fuchs, D., Verkerk, R., Sabbe, B., and Morrens, M. (2020). Immune and Neuroendocrine Trait and State Markers in Psychotic Illness: Decreased Kynurenines Marking Psychotic Exacerbations. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02971"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2020.11.009","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: With a Focus on Postmortem Studies","volume":"56","author":"Roberts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s40495-021-00260-x","article-title":"Possible Biomarkers and Contributing Factors of Psychosis: A Review","volume":"7","author":"Yadav","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01688-x","article-title":"Associations Between Expression of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Enzyme and Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients with First-Episode Drug-Na\u00efve Schizophrenia","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01374-w","article-title":"Caught in Vicious Circles: A Perspective on Dynamic Feed-Forward Loops Driving Oxidative Stress in Schizophrenia","volume":"27","author":"Cuenod","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correll, C.U., Tusconi, M., Carta, M.G., and Dursun, S.M. (2024). What Remains to be Discovered in Schizophrenia Therapeutics: Contributions by Advancing the Molecular Mechanisms of Drugs for Psychosis and Schizophrenia. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14080906"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.R115.053744","article-title":"Glial Contributions to Neural Function and Disease","volume":"15","author":"Rasband","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12290","article-title":"Glia-Related Genes and Their Contribution to Schizophrenia","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24352","article-title":"Dysfunction of NG2 Glial Cells Affects Neuronal Plasticity and Behavior","volume":"71","author":"Timmerman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"173","article-title":"Moving Past the \u201cNeurocentric\u201d Perspective: A Role for Glia in Neuropsychiatric Disorders","volume":"34","author":"Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, C.-Y., Luo, D.-Z., Pei, J.-C., Kuo, M.-C., Hsieh, Y.-C., and Lai, W.-S. (2021). Not just a Bystander: The Emerging Role of Astrocytes and Research Tools in Studying Cognitive Dysfunctions in Schizophrenia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105343"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24343","article-title":"Interactions of Glial Cells with Neuronal Synapses, from Astocytes to Microglia and Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells","volume":"71","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01385-9","article-title":"Glutamate and Microglia Activation as a Driver of Dendritic Apoptosis: A Core Pathophysiological Mechanism to Understand Schizophrenia","volume":"11","author":"Parellada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-021-01334-z","article-title":"The Role of Microglia in Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Suicide","volume":"272","author":"Brisch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosi."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartmann, S.M., Heider, J., Wust, R., Fallgatter, A.J., and Volkmer, H. (2024). Microglia-Neuron Interactions in Schizophrenia. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 18.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1345349"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laricchiuta, D., Papi, M., Decandia, D., Panuccio, A., Cutuli, D., Peciccia, M., Mazzeschi, C., and Petrosini, L. (2024). The Role of Glial Cells in Mental Illness: A Systematic Review on Astroglia and Microglia as Potential Players in Schizophrenia and Its Cognitive and Emotional Aspects. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 18.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1358450"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6577","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02574-9","article-title":"Gliotoxicity and Glioprotection: The Dual Role of Glial Cells","volume":"58","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01735-y","article-title":"Glia Moved to the Foreground","volume":"27","author":"Wiseman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-420118-7.00001-9","article-title":"Glial Modulators as Potential Treatments of Psychostimulant Abuse","volume":"69","author":"Beardsley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2012.11.001","article-title":"Roles of Glia Cells in Schizophrenia: Possible Targets for Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"53","author":"Takahashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.2174\/157339510791823673","article-title":"Immune System and Schizophrenia","volume":"6","author":"Muller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.110","article-title":"Increased Inflammatory Markers Identified in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex of Individuals with Schizophrenia","volume":"18","author":"Filman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khandaker, G.M., Meyer, U., and Jones, P.B. (2020). Neuroinflammation and Schizophrenia, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-39141-6"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Khandaker, G.M., Meyer, U., and Jones, P.B. (2020). Cytokines, Oxidative Stress, and Cellular Markers of Inflammation in Schizophrenia. Neuroinflammation and Schizophrenia, Springer Nature."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.90","article-title":"Postmortem Evidence of Cerebral Inflammation in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review","volume":"21","author":"Trepanier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01607-0","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Schizophrenia: The Role of Nuclear Factor Kappa B","volume":"11","author":"Murphy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.03.014","article-title":"Serum Immune Markers and Transition to Psychosis in Individuals at Clinical High Risk","volume":"110","author":"Mondelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1075","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.4","article-title":"Immune Involvement in the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis of Postmortem Brain Studies","volume":"7","author":"Gremmels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comer, A.L., Carrier, M., Tremblay, M.\u00c8., and Cruz-Mart\u00edn, A. (2020). The Inflamed Brain in Schizophrenia: The Convergence of Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors That Lead to Uncontrolled Neuroinflammation. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00274"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E45","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.230099","article-title":"Epigenetic Profile of the Immune System Associated with Symptom Severity and Treatment Response in Schizophrenia","volume":"49","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlae066","article-title":"Increased Inflammasome Protein Expression Identified in Microglia from Postmortem Brains with Schizophrenia","volume":"83","author":"Gober","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tusconi, M., and Dursun, S.M. (2024). Editorial: Further Findings in the Role of Inflammation in the Etiology and Treatment of Schizophrenia. Front. Psychiatry, 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1349568"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2024.02.001","article-title":"Inflammatory Cerebrospinal Fluid Markers in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 69 Studies With 5710 Participants","volume":"266","author":"Warren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327113493305","article-title":"Inflammation and Schizophrenia: Alterations in Cytokine Levels and Perturbation in Antioxidative Defense Systems","volume":"33","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Human. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.02.152","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota Promotes the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia via Multiple Pathways","volume":"512","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reale, M., Costantini, E., and Greig, N.H. (2021). Cytokine Imbalance in Schizophrenia. From Research to Clinic: Potential Implications for Treatment. Front. Psychiatry, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.536257"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vall\u00e9e, A. (2022). Neuroinflammation in Schizophrenia: The Key Role of the WNT\/\u03b2-Catenin Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052810"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-023-00398-1","article-title":"Inflammatory Markers of Symptomatic Remission at 6\u2009Months in Patients with First-Episode Schizophrenia","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Schizophrenia"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01830-1","article-title":"Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Astrocytes from Patients with Schizophrenia Exhibit an Inflammatory Phenotype that Affects Vascularization","volume":"28","author":"Trindade","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"100842","article-title":"The Novel Schizophrenia Subgoup \u201cMajor Neurocognitive Psychosis\u201d is Validated as a Distinct Class Through the Analysis of Immune-Linked Neurotoxicity Biomarkers and Neurocognitive Deficits","volume":"40","author":"Popov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breitmeyer, R., Vogel, S., Heider, J., Hartmann, S.-M., Wust, R., Keller, A.-L., Binner, A., Fitzgerald, J.C., Fallgatter, A.J., and Volkmer, H. (2023). Regulation of Synaptic Connectivity in Schizophrenia Spectrum by Mutual Neuron-Microglia Interaction. Commun. Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-04852-9"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, S., Keating, B.A., and Dale, R.C. (2023). Anti-inflammatory Properties of Commonly Used Psychiatric Drugs. Front. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1039379"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palasz, E., Wilkaniec, A., Stanaszek, L., Andrzejewska, A., and Adamczyk, A. (2023). Glia-Neurotrophic Factor Relationships: Possible Role in Pathobiology of Neuroinflammation-Related Brain Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076321"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perez-Rodriguez, D.R., Blanco-Luguin, I., and Mendioroz, M. (2021). The Participation of Microglia in Neurogenesis: A Review. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11050658"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wohleb, E.S. (2016). Neuron-Microglia Interactions in Mental Health Disorders: \u201cFor Better, and For Worse\u201d. Front. Immunol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00544"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2009.01945.x","article-title":"Cytokines and Schizophrenia: Microglia Hypothesis of Schizophrenia","volume":"63","author":"Monji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.07.007","article-title":"Neurotransmitter receptors on microglia","volume":"30","author":"Pocock","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20610","article-title":"Differential Regulation of Trophic and Proinflammatory Microglial Effectors is Dependent on Severity of Neuronal Injury","volume":"56","author":"Lai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.04.001","article-title":"Regulation of Microglia by Glutamate and its Signal Pathway in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2022.102287","article-title":"Impact of Amino Acids on Microglial Activation and CNS Remyelination","volume":"66","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opinion Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.14101358","article-title":"Microglial Activity in People at Ultra High Risk of Psychosis and in Schizophrenia: An [11C]PBR28 PET Brain Imaging Study","volume":"173","author":"Bloomfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barron, H., Hafizi, S., Andreazza, A.C., and Mizrahi, R. (2017). Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in Psychosis and Psychosis Risk. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030651"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.11.030","article-title":"Microglia Promote Learning-Dependent Synapse Formation Through Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor","volume":"155","author":"Parkhurst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polyhonen, S., Er, S., Domansky, A., and Airavaara, M. (2019). Effects of Neurotrophic Factors in Glial Cells in the Central Nervous System: Expression and Properties in Neurodegeneration and Injury. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00486"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieto, R.R., Carrasco, A., Corral, S., Castillo, R., Gaspar, P.A., Bustamante, M.L., and Silva, H. (2021). BDNF as a Biomarker of Cognition in Schizophrenia\/Psychosis: An Updated Review. Front. Psychiatry, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.662407"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-006-0090-8","article-title":"Distribution of HLA-DR-Positive Microglia in Schizophrenia Reflects Impaired Cerebral Lateralization","volume":"112","author":"Steiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt109","article-title":"Specific Glial Functions Contribute to Schizophrenia Susceptibility","volume":"40","author":"Goudriaan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23962","article-title":"A Loss of Mature Microglial Markers Without Immune Activation in Schizophrenia","volume":"69","author":"Snijders","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.03.004","article-title":"Impaired Regulatory T Cell Control of Astroglial Overdrive and Microglial Pruning in Schizophrenia","volume":"125","author":"Deakin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7105","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01225-8","article-title":"A New Suspect in the Unsolved Case of Neuroinflammation in Schizophrenia","volume":"26","author":"Murphy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02529-1","article-title":"Genetic Contribution to Microglial Activation in Schizophrenia","volume":"29","author":"Koskuvi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0400-0","article-title":"Complement in Neurological Disorders and Emerging Complement-Targeted Therapeutics","volume":"16","author":"Dalakas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phadke, R.A., Brack, A., Fournier, L.A., Kruzich, E., Sha, M., Pickard, I., Johnson, C., Stroumbakis, D., Salgado, M., and Yeung, C. (2024). The Schizophrenia Risk Gene C4 Induces Pathological Synaptic Loss by Impairing AMPAR Trafficking. Mol. Psychiatry, online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-024-02701-7"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Chu, J.M.T., Chang, R.C.C., and Wong, G.T.C. (2022). The Complement System in the Central Nervous System: From Neurodevelopment to Neurodegeration. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12020337"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16549","article-title":"Schizophrenia Risk from Complex Variation of Complement Component 4","volume":"530","author":"Sekar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mou, T.-C.M., Lane, M.V., Ireland, D.D.C., Verthely, D., Tonelli, L.H., and Clark, S.M. (2022). Association of Complement Componenet 4 with Neuroimmune Abnormalities in the Subventriccular Zone in Schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Neurobiol. Dis., 173.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105840"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.06.018","article-title":"Mitochondrial Activity and Oxidative Stress Markers in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Patients with Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, and Healthy Subjects","volume":"47","author":"Gubert","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20110367","article-title":"Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Drive Proinflammatory Cytokine Production","volume":"208","author":"Naik","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s11055-022-01289-1","article-title":"Microglia Reactivity in the Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia with Different Types of Course","volume":"52","author":"Vikhreva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Behav. Phys."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1024","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.278","article-title":"Inflammation and the Diathesis-Stress Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: A Reconceptulization","volume":"7","author":"Howes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"1313","article-title":"Brain in Flames\u2014Animal Models of Psychosis: Utility and Limitations","volume":"11","author":"Mattei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2016.80","article-title":"Tight Junctions: From Simple Barriers to Multifunctional Molecular Gates","volume":"17","author":"Zihni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Najjar, S., Pahlajani, S., De Sanctis, V., Stern, J.N.H., Najjar, A., and Chong, D. (2017). Neurovascular Unit Dysfunction and Blood-Brain Barrier Hyperpermeability Contribute to Schizophrenia Neurobiology; A Theoretical Integration of Clinical and Experimental Evidence. Front. Psychiatry, 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00083"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.063388","article-title":"Postnatal Microbial Colonization Programs the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal System for Stress Response in Mice","volume":"558","author":"Sudo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.027","article-title":"The Central Nervous System and the Gut Microbiome","volume":"167","author":"Sharon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.02.010","article-title":"The Role of the Gut Microbiome in the Development of Schizophrenia","volume":"234","author":"Kelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"Hyland, N., and Stanton, C. (2024). The Influence of Gut Microbiota in Psychosis. The Gut-Brain Axis, Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.01.005","article-title":"Gut-Brain Axis: How the Microbiome Influences Anxiety and Depression","volume":"36","author":"Foster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e774","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.42","article-title":"Regulation of Prefrontal Cortex Myelination by the Microbiota","volume":"6","author":"Hoban","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraeuter, A.K., Phillips, R., and Sarnyai, Z. (2020). The Gut Microbiome in Psychosis from Mice to Men: A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Front. Psychiatry, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00799"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0475-4","article-title":"Transplantation of Microbiota from Drug-Free Patients with Schizophrenia Causes Schizophrenia-like Abnormal Behaviors and Dysregulated Kynurenine Metabolism in Mice","volume":"25","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8317","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau8317","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome from Patients with Schizophrenia Modulates the Glutamate-Glutamine-GABA Cycle and Schizophrenia-Relevant Behaviors in Mice","volume":"5","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01456-3","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Gut Microbiota Composition in Observational Studies of Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia","volume":"27","author":"McGuinness","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nocera, A., and Nasrallah, H.A. (2022). The Association of the Gut Microbiota with Clinical Features in Schizophrenia. Behav. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs12040089"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nuncio-Mora, L., Lanzagorta, N., Nicolini, H., Sarmiento, E., Ortiz, G., Sosa, F., and Genis-Mendoza, A.D. (2023). The Role of the Microbiome in First Episode of Psychosis. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11061770"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misiak, B., \u0141oniewski, I., Marlicz, W., Frydecka, D., Szulc, A., Rudzki, L., and Samochowiec, J. (2020). The HPA Axis Dysregulation in Severe Mental Illness: Can We Shift the Blame to Gut Microbiota?. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 102.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.109951"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4030","article-title":"Host Microbiota Constantly Control Maturation and Function of Microglia in the CNS","volume":"18","author":"Erny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ju, S., Shin, Y., Han, S., Kwon, J., Choi, T.G., Kang, I., and Kim, S.S. (2023). The Gut-Brain Axis in Schizophrenia: The Implications of the Gut Microbiome and SCFA Production. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15204391"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veerkhratsky, A., and Butt, A.M. (2023). Astroglial Functions (Chapter 4). Neuroglia: Function and Pathology, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-821565-4.00008-0"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schiera, G., Di Liegro, C.M., Schiro, G., Sorbello, G., and Di Liegro, I. (2024). Involvement of Astrocytes in the Formation, Maintenance, and Function of the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13020150"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.09.056","article-title":"Cell Biology of Astrocyte-Synapse Interactions","volume":"96","author":"Allen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0226-y","article-title":"Dysfunction of Homeostatic Control of Dopamine by Astrocytes in the Developing Prefrontal Cortex Leads to Cognitive Impairments","volume":"25","author":"Petrelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108952","article-title":"Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Developing Astrocytes Regulates Astrocyte Maturation and Synapse Formation","volume":"35","author":"Zehnder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2009.10.004","article-title":"Astrocyte Secreted Proteins Selectively Increase Hippocampal GABAergic Axon Length, Branching and Synaptogenesis","volume":"43","author":"Hughes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2017.08.030","article-title":"The Healthy and Diseased Microenvironments Regulate Oligodendrocyte Properties: Implications for Regenerative Medicine","volume":"188","author":"Leferink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14002","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1592-15.2015","article-title":"Astrocytes Promote Oligodendrogenesis after White Matter Damage via Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor","volume":"35","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07109-5","article-title":"A Concerted Neuron-Astrocyte Program Declines in Ageing and Schizophrenia","volume":"627","author":"Ling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24178","article-title":"Astrocyte Regulation of Neural Circuit Activity and Network States","volume":"70","author":"Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung, W.-S., Allen, N.J., and Eroglu, C. (2015). Astrocytes Control Synapse Formation, Function, and Elimination. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020370"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12547","article-title":"The Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: Evidence from Human Brain Tissue Studies","volume":"1338","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gentile, M.T., and D\u2019Amato, L.C. (2018). Astrocyte Physiology and Pathology, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.69076"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiebig, C., Keiner, S., Ebert, B., Schaffner, I., Jagasia, R., Lie, D.C., and Beckervordersandforth, R. (2019). Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Astrocytes Impairs the Generation of Reactive Astrocytes and Enhances Cell Death in the Cortex Upon Phtothrombotic Lesion. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2019.00040"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12781","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12781","article-title":"The Role of Astrocytes in Oxidative Stress of Central Nervous System: A Mixed Blessing","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2014.06.002","article-title":"Oxygen Glucose Deprivation-Induced Astrocyte Dysfunction Provokes Neuronal Death Through Oxidtive Stress","volume":"87","author":"Gouix","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80086-0","article-title":"Knockout of Glutamate Transporters Reveals a Major Role for Astroglial Transport in Excitotoxicity and Clearance of Glutamate","volume":"16","author":"Rothstein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purushotham, S.S., and Buskila, Y. (2023). Astrocytic Modulation of Neuronal Signalling. Front. Netw. Physiol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnetp.2023.1205544"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45096-4_1","article-title":"Introduction to the Glutamate\u2013Glutamine Cycle","volume":"13","author":"Sonnewald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashimoto, K., Engberg, G., Shimizu, E., Nordin, C., Lindstr\u00f6m, L.H., and Iyo, M. (2005). Elevated Glutamine\/Glutamate Ratio in Cerebrospinal Fluid of First Episode and Drug Naive Schizophrenic Patients. BMC Psychiatry, 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-5-6"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.59249\/OAMT2710","article-title":"The Importance of Cerebrospinal Fluid Investigation in First-Episode Psychosis","volume":"96","author":"Stan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.242","article-title":"Reduced Density of DISC1 Expressing Astrocytes in the Dentate Gyrus but Not in the Subventricular Zone in Schizophrenia","volume":"43","author":"Bernstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.01.030","article-title":"Contributions of the D-Serine Pathway to Schizophrenia","volume":"62","author":"Labrie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riederer, P., Laux, G., Nagatsu, T., Le, W., and Riederer, C. (2022). D-Serine in the Treatment of Psychosis. NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-62059-2"},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"309","article-title":"Neuropharmacology of Quinolinic and Kynurenic Acids","volume":"45","author":"Stone","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1989.tb01881.x","article-title":"A Glycine Site Associated with N-Methyl D-Aspartic Acid Receptors: Charcterization and Identification of a New Class of Antagonists","volume":"52","author":"Kessler","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-022-01519-0","article-title":"Importance of the Dysregulation of the Kynurenine pathway on Cognition in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies","volume":"273","author":"Sapienza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosi."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.05.007","article-title":"Astroglial Versus Neuronal D-Serine: Fact Checking","volume":"40","author":"Papouin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.09.007","article-title":"The Rise and Fall of the D-Serine-Mediated Gliotransmission Hypothesis","volume":"39","author":"Wolosker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00870-x","article-title":"D-Serine as the Gatekeeper of NMDA Receptor Activity: Implications for the Pharmacologic Management of Anxiety Disorders","volume":"10","author":"Wolosker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishnan, K.S., and Billups, B. (2023). ASC Transporters Mediate D-serine Transport into Astrocytes Adjacent to Synapses in the Mouse Brain. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13050819"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw221","article-title":"Kynurenic Acid in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"43","author":"Plitman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7463","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-19-07463.2001","article-title":"The Brain Metabolite Kynurenic Acid Inhibits Alpha7 Nicotinic Receptor Activity and Increases Non-Alpha7 Nicotinic Receptor Expression: Physiopathological Implications","volume":"21","author":"Hilmas","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobelis, P., Staley, K.J., and Cooper, D.C. (2012). Lack of Modulation of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Alpha-7 Receptor Currents by Kynurenic Acid in Adult Hippocampal Interneurons. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041108"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2012.12.014","article-title":"Kynurenic Acid as an Antagonist of \u03b17 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Brain: Facts and Challenges","volume":"15","author":"Albuquerque","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2016.08.003","article-title":"The Kynurenine Pathway and the Brain: Challenges, Controversies and Promises","volume":"112","author":"Schwarcz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000515066","article-title":"Galantamine-Memantine Combination and Kynurenine Pathway Enzyme Inhibitors in the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders","volume":"7","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complex. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Zou, J., Huang, P., Gao, X., Lun, J., Li, Y., Gong, Z., and Cao, H. (2024). KYNA Ameliorates Glutamate Toxicity of HAND by Enhancing Glutamate Uptake in A2 Astrocytes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084286"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.05.025","article-title":"The Kynurenic Acid Hypothesis of Schizophrenia","volume":"92","author":"Erhardt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2023.12.005","article-title":"The Kynurenine Pathway in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia at the Crossroads Between Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy","volume":"264","author":"Sapienza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-024-00483-z","article-title":"Elevated Serum Kynurenic Acid in Individuals with First-Episode Psychosis and insufficient Response to Antipsychotics","volume":"10","author":"Hatzimanolis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophrenia"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.06.032","article-title":"Analysis of Global Gene Expression at Seven Brain Regions of Patients with Schizophrenia","volume":"223","author":"Karpinski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.08.044","article-title":"Dysfunctional Astrocytes as Key Players in the Pathogenesis of Central Nervous System Disorders","volume":"267","author":"Mostert","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-021-09954-3","article-title":"Plasma Soluble P-Selectin, Interleukin-6 and S100B Protein in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study","volume":"93","author":"Pinjari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Q."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeon, P., Mackinley, M., Theberge, J., and Palaniyapan, I. (2021). The Trajectory of Putative Astroglial Dysfunction in First Episode Schizophrenia: A Longitudinal 7-Tesla MRS Study. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01773-7"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.07.012","article-title":"Curcumin Alleviates Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Astrocytes","volume":"333","author":"Daverey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.07.012","article-title":"S100B Serum Levels Are Closely Correlated with Body Mass Index: An Important Caveat in Neuropsychiatric Research","volume":"35","author":"Steiner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aleksovska, K., Leoncini, E., Bonassi, S., Cesario, A., Boccia, S., and Frustaci, A. (2014). Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Circulating S100B Blood Levels in Schizophrenia. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106342"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcmberg, K., Polyakova, M., Steiner, J., and Schroeter, M.L. (2016). Serum S100B Is Related to Illness Duration and Clinical Symptoms in Schizophrenia\u2014A Meta-Regression Analysis. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00046"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michinaga, S., and Koyama, Y. (2019). Dual Roles of Astrocyte-Derived Factors in Regulation of Blood-Brain Barrier Function after Brain Damage. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030571"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.11.017","article-title":"Oligodendrocytes Modulate the Immune-Inflammatory Response in EAE via TNFR2 Signaling","volume":"84","author":"Madsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.342678","article-title":"Not Only Myelination: The Immune-Inflammatory Functions of Oligodendrocytes","volume":"17","author":"Boccazzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural. Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanes, L.D., Mouchlianitis, E., Barry, E., Patel, K., Wong, K., and Shergill, S.S. (2019). Cognitive Correlates of Abnormal Myelination in Psychosis. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41679-z"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.22365\/jpsych.2019.303.245","article-title":"Is Psychosis a Dysmyelination-Related Information-Processing Disorder?","volume":"30","author":"Giotakos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatriki"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2012.06.003","article-title":"Myelination Deficit in a Phencyclidine-Induced Neurodevelopmental Model of Schizophrenia","volume":"1469","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00237-3","article-title":"Loss and Altered Space Distribution of Oligodendrocytes in the Superior Frontal Gyrus in Schizophrenia","volume":"53","author":"Hof","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.09.040","article-title":"Myelin, Myelin-Related Disorders, and Psychosis","volume":"161","author":"Mighdoll","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_189","first-page":"325789","article-title":"Ultrastructural Alterations of Myelinated Fibers and Oligodendrocytes in the Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia: A Postmortem Morphometric Study","volume":"2011","author":"Uranova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1171","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.138","article-title":"Oxidative Stress, Prefrontal Cortex Hypomyelination and Cognitive Symptoms in Schizophrenia","volume":"7","author":"Maas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2017.06.012","article-title":"Human iPSC Glia Mouse Chimeras Reveal Glial Contributions to Schizophrenia","volume":"21","author":"Windrem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domingues, H.S., Portugal, C.C., Socodato, R., and Relvas, J.B. (2016). Oligodendrocyte, Astrocyte, and Microglia Crosstalk in Myelin Development, Damage, and Repair. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2016.00071"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, M., You, H., Hu, X., Luo, Y., Zhang, Z., Song, Y., An, J., and Lu, H. (2023). Microglia-Astrocyte Interaction in Neural Development and Neural Pathogenesis. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12151942"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic Reactive Astrocytes are Induced by Activated Microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.4.2132","article-title":"Microglial Cell Cytotoxicity of Oligodendrocytes is Mediated Through Nitric Oxide","volume":"151","author":"Merril","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20118","article-title":"Cytokine-Induced Cell Death in Human Oligodendroglial Cell Lines: I. Synergistic Effects of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha on Apoptosis","volume":"76","author":"Buntinx","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9936","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502552102","article-title":"Peroxynitrite Generated by Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and NADPH Oxidase Mediates Microglial Toxicity to Oligodendrocytes","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uranova, N.A., Vikhreva, O.V., Rakhmanova, V.I., and Orlovskaya, D.D. (2020). Dystrophy of Oligodendrocytes and Adjacent Microglia in Prefrontal Gray Matter in Schizophrenia. Front. Psychiatry., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00204"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.08.018","article-title":"Effect of Chronic Antipsychotic Exposure on Astrocyte and Oligodendrocyte Numbers in Macaque Monkeys","volume":"63","author":"Konopaske","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.01.019","article-title":"Risperidone Significantly Inhibits Interferon-gamma-Induced Microglial Activation in vitro","volume":"92","author":"Kato","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145711001775","article-title":"Risperidone Normalizes Increased Inflammatory Parameters and Restores Anti-Inflammatory Pathways in a Model of Neuroinflammation","volume":"16","author":"MacDowell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.06.031","article-title":"The Effect of Atypical Antipsychotics, Perospirone, Ziprasidone and Quetiapine on Microglial Ativation Induced by Interferon-gamma","volume":"32","author":"Bian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Progr. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05675.x","article-title":"The Antipsychotic Spiperone Attenuates Inflammatory Response in Cultured Microglia via the Reduction of Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression and Nitric Oxide Production","volume":"107","author":"Zheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05435.x","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of aripiprazole on interferon-gamma-induced microglial activation via intracellular2+ regulation in vitro","volume":"106","author":"Kato","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, Y., Wang, Y., Shen, Y., Huang, J., Li, Y., Wu, R., and Zhao, J. (2023). Minocycline and Antipsychotics Inhibit Inflammatory Responses in BV-2 Microglia Activated by LPS via Regulating the MAPKs\/JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway. BMC Psychiatry, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-05014-1"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5344","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-14-05344.1998","article-title":"Identification of the Dopamine D3 Receptor in Oligodendrocyte Precursors: Potential Role in Regulating Differentiation and Myelin Formation","volume":"18","author":"Bongarzone","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbab092","article-title":"Derivation and Molecular Characterization of Morphological Subpopulation of Human iPSC Astrocytes Reveal a Potential Role in Schizophrenia and Clozapine Response","volume":"48","author":"Akkouh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2024.06.020","article-title":"Clozapine Treatment and Astrocyte Activity in Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia: A Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study","volume":"270","author":"Nakajima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuhas, Y., Ashkenazi, S., Berernt, E., and Weizman, A. (2022). Clozapine Suppresses the Gene Expression and the Production of Cytokines and Up-Regulates Cyclooxygenase 2 mRNA in Human Astroglial Cells. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12121703"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20172","article-title":"Clozapine Reduces GLT-1 Expression and Glutamate Uptake in Astrocyte Cultures","volume":"50","author":"Melone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01638.x","article-title":"Clozapine, but not Haloperidol, Enhances Glial D-Serine and L-Glutamate Release in Rat Frontal Cortex and Primary Cultured Astrocytes","volume":"165","author":"Tanahashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okada, M., Fukuyama, K., and Motomura, E. (2022). Dose-Dependent Biphasic Action of Quetiapine on AMPK Signalling via 5-HT7 Receptor: Exploring Pathophysiology of Clinical and Adverse Effects of Quetiapine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169103"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2023.114838","article-title":"Mechanism of cognitive impairment and white matter damage in the MK-801 mice model of schizophrenia treated with quetiapine","volume":"461","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2018.06.001","article-title":"Pioglitazone is Superior to Quetiapine, Clozapine and Tamoxifen at Alleviating Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice","volume":"321","author":"Chedrawe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2022.102166","article-title":"Second-Generation Antipsychotic Olanzapine Attenuates Behavioral and Prefrontal Cortex Synaptic Plasticity Deficits in a Neurodevelopmental Schizophrenia-Related Rat Model","volume":"125","author":"Diaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2011.07.011","article-title":"Olanzapine Stimulates Proliferation but Inhibits Differentiation in Rat Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell Cultures","volume":"35","author":"Kimoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Progr. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_217","first-page":"1527","article-title":"Bexarotene Drives the Self-Renewing Proliferation of Adult Neuronal Stem Cells, Promotes Neuron-Glial Fate Shift, and Regulates Late Neuronal Differentiation","volume":"168","author":"Scheibel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113462","article-title":"Bexarotene Promotes Microglia\/Macrophages\u2014Specific Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression and Axon Sprouting After Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"334","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0b013e31806450da","article-title":"Bexarotene s Add-On to Antipsychotic Treatment in Schizophrenia Patients: A Pilot Open-Label Trial","volume":"31","author":"Lerner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.12m08160","article-title":"The Retinoid X Receptor Agonist Bexarotene Relieves Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: A 6-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Multicenter Trial","volume":"74","author":"Lerner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702231222027","article-title":"The Janus Face of Antipsychotics in Glial Cells: Focus on Glioprotection","volume":"248","author":"Schmitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, M., Fan, J., Zhou, R., Gao, G., Li, R., Zuo, Y.F., Li, B., Li, Y., and Sun, T. (2022). NLRP3\/Caspase-1-Mediated Pyroptosis of Astrocytes Induced by Antipsychotics is Inhibited by a Histamine H1 Receptor-Selective Agonist. Front. Aging Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.847561"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0129-5","article-title":"Genetic Identification of Brain Cell Types Underlying Schizophrenia","volume":"50","author":"Skene","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add7046","article-title":"Transcriptomic Diversity of Cell Types Across the Adult Human Brain","volume":"382","author":"Siletti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbad002","article-title":"Genetic Insights of Schizophrenia via Single Cell RNA-Sequencing Analyses","volume":"49","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adg5136","article-title":"Single-Cell Multi-Cohort Dissection of the Schizophrenia Transcriptome","volume":"384","author":"Ruzicka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108189","article-title":"Single-Nucleus RNA-Seq is Not Suitable for Detection of Microglial Activation Genes in Humans","volume":"32","author":"Thrupp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.02.012","article-title":"The Gut-Microbiome as a Target for the Treatment of Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials of Add-on Strategies","volume":"234","author":"Minichino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2016.01.009","article-title":"Biomarkers for Development in Early Psychosis: Current Issues and Promising Directions","volume":"26","author":"Goff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743718773728","article-title":"An Overview of Animal Models Related to Schizophrenia","volume":"64","author":"Winship","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-017-0071-9","article-title":"Dopamine, Psychosis and Schizophrenia: The Widening Gap Between Basic and Clinical Neuroscience","volume":"8","author":"Kesby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.12.014","article-title":"Gut Microbial Changes of Patients with Psychotic and Affective Disorders: A Systematic Review","volume":"234","author":"Vindegaard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.11.019","article-title":"Inflammatory Subtypes in Antipsychotic-Na\u00efve First-Episode Schizophrenia are Associated with Altered Brain Morphology and Topologial Organization","volume":"100","author":"Hoang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-024-00497-7","article-title":"Gut Microbiome and Schizophrenia: Insights from Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophrenia"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000109","article-title":"Progress and Future Directions in Research on the Psychosis Prodrome","volume":"24","author":"Woodberry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-019-0090-z","article-title":"The Neurobiology of Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Paths to Antipsychotic Resistance and a Roadmap for Future Research","volume":"6","author":"Potkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Schizophr."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)00122-9","article-title":"Inflammation and Immunity in Schizophrenia: Implications for pathophysiology and Treatment","volume":"2","author":"Khandaker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2022_305","article-title":"Sex Differences in Psychosis; Focus on Animal Models","volume":"62","author":"Gogos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Topics Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2022_308","article-title":"Sex Differences in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Key Role for the Immune System","volume":"62","author":"Breach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26664","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26664","article-title":"Brain-Based Sex Differences in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review of fMRI Studies","volume":"45","author":"Salehi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Map."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2024.08.014","article-title":"Sex Difference Alters the Behavioral and Cognitive Performance in a Rat Model of Schizophrenia Induced by Sub-Chronic Ketamine","volume":"178","author":"Samizadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-01108-6","article-title":"Feeding Gut Microbes to Nourish the Brain: Unravelling the Diet-Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis","volume":"6","author":"Schneider","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv002","article-title":"The Promise of Biological Markers for Treatment Response in First-Episode Psychosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"41","author":"Fond","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wawrzczak-Bargie\u0142a, A., Bilecki, W., and Ma\u0107kowiak, M. (2023). Epigenetic Targets in Schizophrenia Development and Therapy. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13030426"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1515\/mr-2022-0009","article-title":"Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers for Schizophrenia","volume":"2","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, E.Y.H., and Wong, S.M.Y. (2024). Unique Challenges in Biomarkers for Psychotic Disorders. Brain Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14010106"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2023.2200161","article-title":"What is the Significance of the Impact of Antipsychotics on the Gut Microbiome?","volume":"19","author":"Seeman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_248","unstructured":"Khandaker, G.M., Meyer, U., and Jones, P.B. (2019). Inflammation, Antipsychotic Drugs, and Evidence for Effectiveness of Anti-Inflammatory Agents in Schizophrenia. Inflammation and Schizophrenia, Springer Nature."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2023.8","article-title":"Monoclonal Antibody Therapy in Autoantibody-Associated Psychotic Disorders and Schizophrenia: Narrative Reviews of Past and Current Clinical Trials","volume":"35","author":"Hansen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danub."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.10.012","article-title":"Adjunctive Canakinumab Reduces Peripheral Inflammation Markers and Improves Positive Symptoms in People with Schizophrenia and Inflammation: A Randomized Control Trial","volume":"115","author":"Weickert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyad011","article-title":"New Developments in the Treatment of Schizophrenia: An Expert Roundtable","volume":"26","author":"Kantrowitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-024-03123-9","article-title":"Revolutionary Drug for Schizophrenia Receives US Approval","volume":"634","author":"Dolgin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/1\/10\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:59:51Z","timestamp":1760115591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/1\/10"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]]},"references-count":252,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["biom15010010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom15010010","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]]}}}