{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:34:28Z","timestamp":1787027668234,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medixcell Sdn Bhd","award":["FF-2022-065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF-2022-065"]}]},{"name":"Medixcell Sdn Bhd","award":["FF-2022-065\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF-2022-065\/1"]}]},{"name":"Medixcell Sdn Bhd","award":["DPK-2023-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPK-2023-004"]}]},{"name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","award":["FF-2022-065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF-2022-065"]}]},{"name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","award":["FF-2022-065\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF-2022-065\/1"]}]},{"name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","award":["DPK-2023-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DPK-2023-004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by abdominal obesity, increased blood pressure (BP), fasting blood glucose (FBG) and triglyceride levels, and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of the Wharton\u2019s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs)-derived small extracellular vesicles\u2019 (sEVs) preparations in managing MetS. Method: Twenty-four rats were fed with a high-fat and high-fructose diet to induce MetS for 16 weeks and randomized into three groups (n = 8\/group): a MetS Control group treated with normal saline, MetS Low Dose (LD) group treated with a LD of sEVs preparations (3 \u00d7 109 particle\/rat), and MetS High Dose (HD) group treated with a HD of sEVs preparations (9 \u00d7 109 particles\/rat). The Control Non-Disease (ND) group was given a standard rat diet and autoclaved tap water with normal saline as treatment. Treatments were given via intravenous injection every three weeks for twelve weeks. Rats were assessed every six weeks for physical measurements, FBG, lipid profiles, CRP, leptin, adiponectin, and BP. Necropsy evaluation was performed on the lungs, liver, spleen, and kidney. Results: Significant reductions in FBG, triglycerides, BP, and increased HDL levels were observed in the treated groups compared to the control group. However, significant abdominal circumference (AC) improvement was not observed in the treated groups. Non-significant associations were found between fasting CRP, leptin, and adiponectin levels with MetS rats after treatment. In addition, sEVs preparations improved inflammation and hemorrhage in the lung and mineralisation in the renal of the treated group. Conclusions: Human fetal WJMSCs-derived sEVs preparations improve all the clusters of MetS in rats except AC and could be further explored as a treatment for MetS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15010044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T11:24:19Z","timestamp":1735730659000},"page":"44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Efficacy of Fetal Wharton\u2019s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles in Metabolic Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Illayaraja","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (DTERM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8408-4291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalene Tan Mei","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (DTERM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min Hwei","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (DTERM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9045-5145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia Xian","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (DTERM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Rafizul Mohd","family":"Yusof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thavachelvi","family":"Thangarajah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital Angkatan Tentera (HAT) Tuanku Mizan, Wangsa Maju, Kuala Lumpur 53300, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zalina","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Production and Blood Supply Management Division, National Blood Centre, Jalan Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 50400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurul Izzati","family":"Uda Zahli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shathiya","family":"Rajamanickam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medixcell Sdn. Bhd., Level 5, Equatorial Plaza, Lot 5-5 & 5-6, Jalan Sultan Ismail, Kuala Lumpur 50250, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baskar","family":"Subramani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medixcell Sdn. Bhd., Level 5, Equatorial Plaza, Lot 5-5 & 5-6, Jalan Sultan Ismail, Kuala Lumpur 50250, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9548-6490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yogeswaran","family":"Lokanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (DTERM), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia"},{"name":"Advance Bioactive Materials-Cells UKM Research Group, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemieux, I., and Despr\u00e9s, J.-P. (2020). Metabolic Syndrome: Past, Present and Future. 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