{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T13:26:40Z","timestamp":1760016400178,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Lodz, Poland","award":["503\/1-033-01\/503-11-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/1-033-01\/503-11-001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite significant efforts, there is still an existing need to identify diagnostic tools that would enable fast and reliable detection of the progressive stage of multiple sclerosis (MS) and help in monitoring the disease course and\/or treatment effects. The aim of this prospective study in a group of people with progressive MS was to determine whether changes in the levels of selected serum biomarkers and in cognitive function may predict disease progression, and therefore refine the decision-making process in the evaluation of MS patients. Forty two (42) patients with progressive MS completed all the study procedures; the mean duration of follow-up was 12.97 months. During the observation period, serum concentration of chitinase-3 like-protein-1 (CHI3L1\/YKL-40) decreased significantly in the whole study group (from 4034.95 \u00b1 262.62 to 2866.43 \u00b1 173.37; p = 0.0005), as well as in subgroups of people with secondary progressive and primary progressive MS (SPMS: from 3693.81 \u00b1 388.68 to 2542.76 \u00b1 256.59; p = 0.0207; and PPMS: from 4376.09 \u00b1 353.27 to 3190.09 \u00b1 233.22; p = 0.0089, respectively). A significant worsening of Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) scores was detected in the whole study group (from 1.18 \u00b1 0.14 to 1.34 \u00b1 0.15; p = 0.0331) as well as in the PPMS subgroup (from 1.04 \u00b1 0.18 to 1.26 \u00b1 0.20; p = 0.0216). No correlations between the analyzed molecular parameters or the results of neuropsychological tests and physical disability were observed. In conclusion, an emphasis should be placed on furthering the search for multimodal biomarkers of disease progression, especially in the PMS population, based on simultaneous analysis of several factors, such as blood biomarkers and cognitive profiles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15010068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T09:17:02Z","timestamp":1736155022000},"page":"68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["No Relation Between Cognitive Impairment, Physical Disability and Serum Biomarkers in a Cohort of Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9863-2708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Gajewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego 22, 90-153 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7594-4194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Karli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego 22, 90-153 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7804-9926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Domowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego 22, 90-153 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Bednarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego 22, 90-153 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6779-308X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariola","family":"\u015awiderek-Matysiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego 22, 90-153 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2582-1708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Stasio\u0142ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego 22, 90-153 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.01.021","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanisms and Immunotherapy","volume":"97","author":"Kaskow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000560","article-title":"Defining the Clinical Course of Multiple Sclerosis: The 2013 Revisions","volume":"83","author":"Lublin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biernacki, T., Kokas, Z., Sandi, D., F\u00fcvesi, J., Fricska-Nagy, Z., Farag\u00f3, P., Kincses, T.Z., Kliv\u00e9nyi, P., Bencsik, K., and V\u00e9csei, L. 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