{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:56:42Z","timestamp":1792789002159,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Fund from the National Research of Thailand (NRCT)","award":["195933_FF074\/2567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["195933_FF074\/2567"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, with a persistently low five-year survival rate of only 14\u201317%. High rates of metastasis contribute significantly to the poor prognosis of NSCLC, in which inflammation plays an important role by enhancing tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Targeting inflammatory pathways within cancer cells may thus represent a promising strategy for inhibiting NSCLC metastasis. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and anti-metastatic properties of morin, a bioactive compound derived from a Thai medicinal herb, focusing on its effects on NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pathways in an in vitro NSCLC model. The A549 and H1299 cell lines were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to activate the NLRP3 pathway. The inhibition effects exhibited by morin in reducing pro-inflammatory secretion in LPS- and ATP-stimulated NSCLC cells were assessed by ELISA, while wound healing and trans-well invasion assays evaluated its impact on cell migration and invasion. RT-qPCR measurement quantified the expression of inflammatory genes, and zymography and Western blotting were used to examine changes in invasive protein levels, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, and underlying molecular mechanisms. Our findings demonstrated the significant ability of morin to decrease the production of IL-1\u03b2, IL-18, and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner (p &lt; 0.05), as well as suppress NSCLC cell migration and invasion. Morin downregulated invasive proteins (MMP-2, MMP-9, u-PAR, u-PA, MT1-MMP) and EMT markers (fibronectin, N-cadherin, vimentin) (p &lt; 0.01) while also reducing the mRNA levels of NLRP3, IL-1\u03b2, IL-18, and IL-6. Mechanistic investigations revealed that morin suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activity and inactivated MAPK pathways. Specifically, it decreased the expression of NLRP3 and ASC proteins and reduced caspase-1 activity, while reducing the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 proteins. Collectively, these findings suggest that morin\u2019s inactivation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway could offer a novel therapeutic strategy for counteracting pro-tumorigenic inflammation and metastatic progression in NSCLC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15010103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]],"date-time":"2025-01-10T11:24:57Z","timestamp":1736508297000},"page":"103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Migratory Effects of Morin on Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Metastasis via Inhibition of NLRP3\/MAPK Signaling Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6249-4497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Punnida","family":"Arjsri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Anticarcinogenesis and Apoptosis Research Cluster, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0260-7215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamonwan","family":"Srisawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Anticarcinogenesis and Apoptosis Research Cluster, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0275-1188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonthaya","family":"Umsumarng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"},{"name":"Center for Research and Development of Natural Products for Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilaiporn","family":"Thippraphan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7259-4694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songyot","family":"Anuchapreeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Development of Natural Products for Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8732-8911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pornngarm","family":"Dejkriengkraikul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Anticarcinogenesis and Apoptosis Research Cluster, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Center for Research and Development of Natural Products for Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24871","article-title":"Five-year lung cancer survival: Which advanced stage nonsmall cell lung cancer patients attain long-term survival?","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-2925","article-title":"Analysis of metastases in non-small cell lung cancer patients with epidermal growth factor receptor mutation","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, F.Y., Zhou, Q., Yang, J.J., Zhong, W.Z., Chen, Z.H., Deng, W., He, Y.Y., Chen, H.J., Zeng, Z., and Ke, E.E. (2016). Distribution and prognosis of uncommon metastases from non-small cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-016-2169-5"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2013.07.023","article-title":"Radical treatment of synchronous oligometastatic non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC): Patient outcomes and prognostic factors","volume":"82","author":"Griffioen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_56_18","article-title":"Inflammation and cancer","volume":"18","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Afr. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e493","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70263-3","article-title":"Cancer-related inflammation and treatment effectiveness","volume":"15","author":"Diakos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, T.Y., Tsai, M.C., Tu, W., Yeh, H.C., Wang, S.C., Huang, S.P., and Li, C.Y. (2020). Role of the NLRP3 Inflammasome: Insights Into Cancer Hallmarks. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.610492"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2019.02.008","article-title":"NOD-like receptors and inflammasomes: A review of their canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways","volume":"670","author":"Platnich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-081022-021207","article-title":"Structural Mechanisms of NLRP3 Inflammasome Assembly and Activation","volume":"41","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"86","article-title":"Effect of NLRP3 Inflammasome on Lung Cancer Immune Microenvironment Activation and Its Mechanism","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Altern. Ther. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6477","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.064907","article-title":"Constitutively active inflammasome in human melanoma cells mediating autoinflammation via caspase-1 processing and secretion of interleukin-1beta","volume":"285","author":"Okamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, Z., Lu, L., Li, B., Shi, X., Jin, H., and Hu, W. (2023). The roles of inflammasomes in cancer. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1195572"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Luo, Q., Feng, X., Zhang, R., Li, J., and Chen, F. (2018). NLRP3 promotes tumor growth and metastasis in human oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4403-9"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2021.04.122","article-title":"NLRP3 induces the autocrine secretion of IL-1\u03b2 to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis in breast cancer","volume":"560","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.E., Lee, J.Y., Yang, G., Kang, H.C., Cho, Y.Y., Lee, H.S., and Lee, J.Y. (2019). Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome in tumor microenvironment leads to suppression of metastatic potential of cancer cells. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48794-x"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.09.051","article-title":"Polydatin suppresses proliferation and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer cells by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation via NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"108","author":"Zou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rueankham, L., Panyajai, P., Saiai, A., Rungrojsakul, M., Tima, S., Chiampanichayakul, S., Yeerong, K., Somwongin, S., Chaiyana, W., and Dejkriengkraikul, P. (2023). Biological activities of extracts and compounds from Thai Kae-Lae (Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner). BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-023-03979-w"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prmcm.2023.100264","article-title":"Morin: A Comprehensive Review on Its Versatile Biological Activity and Associated Therapeutic Potential in Treating Cancers","volume":"7","author":"Balaga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res.\u2014Mod. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2020.1778747","article-title":"Overview of Morin and Its Complementary Role as an Adjuvant for Anticancer Agents","volume":"73","author":"Solairaja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajput, S.A., Wang, X.Q., and Yan, H.C. (2021). Morin hydrate: A comprehensive review on novel natural dietary bioactive compound with versatile biological and pharmacological potential. Biomed. Pharmacother., 138.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111511"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2001.01133.x","article-title":"Intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of morin on chronic experimental colitis in the rat","volume":"15","author":"Coelho","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5843672","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5843672","article-title":"Morin Attenuates Ovalbumin-Induced Airway Inflammation by Modulating Oxidative Stress-Responsive MAPK Signaling","volume":"2016","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2014.2535","article-title":"Morin, a flavonoid from Moraceae, suppresses growth and invasion of the highly metastatic breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 partly through suppression of the Akt pathway","volume":"45","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orellana, E.A., and Kasinski, A.L. (2016). Sulforhodamine B (SRB) Assay in Cell Culture to Investigate Cell Proliferation. Bio-Protoc, 6.","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.1984"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arjsri, P., Srisawad, K., Mapoung, S., Semmarath, W., Thippraphan, P., Umsumarng, S., Yodkeeree, S., and Dejkriengkraikul, P. (2022). Hesperetin from Root Extract of Clerodendrum petasites S. Moore Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 Subunit-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome in A549 Lung Cells via Modulation of the Akt\/MAPK\/AP-1 Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810346"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Semmarath, W., Srisawad, K., Arjsri, P., Umsumarng, S., Yodkeeree, S., Jamjod, S., Prom, U.T.C., and Dejkriengkraikul, P. (2023). Protective Effects of Proanthocyanidin-Rich Fraction from Red Rice Germ and Bran on Lung Cell Inflammation via Inhibition of NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173793"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-019-01256-6","article-title":"Neferine inhibits LPS-ATP-induced endothelial cell pyroptosis via regulation of ROS\/NLRP3\/Caspase-1 signaling pathway","volume":"68","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180709","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2018.0709","article-title":"In vitro cell migration quantification method for scratch assays","volume":"16","author":"Bobadilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suarez-Arnedo, A., Torres Figueroa, F., Clavijo, C., Arbel\u00e1ez, P., Cruz, J.C., and Mu\u00f1oz-Camargo, C. (2020). An image J plugin for the high throughput image analysis of in vitro scratch wound healing assays. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.20.050831"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arjsri, P., Srisawad, K., Semmarath, W., Umsumarng, S., Rueankham, L., Saiai, A., Rungrojsakul, M., Katekunlaphan, T., Anuchapreeda, S., and Dejkriengkraikul, P. (2023). Suppression of inflammation-induced lung cancer cells proliferation and metastasis by exiguaflavanone A and exiguaflavanone B from Sophora exigua root extract through NLRP3 inflammasome pathway inhibition. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1243727"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chittasupho, C., Umsumarng, S., Srisawad, K., Arjsri, P., Phongpradist, R., Samee, W., Tingya, W., Ampasavate, C., and Dejkriengkraikul, P. (2024). Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated Lung Cell Inflammation by Triphala-Loaded Nanoparticle Targeting Spike Glycoprotein S1. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16060751"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108017","article-title":"Uptake of cell debris and enhanced expression of inflammatory factors in response to dead cells in corneal fibroblast cells","volume":"194","author":"Yoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.05.016","article-title":"Paederia foetida induces anticancer activity by modulating chromatin modification enzymes and altering pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in human prostate cancer cells","volume":"130","author":"Pradhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2016.01.005","article-title":"Development of a multiplex quantitative PCR assay for the analysis of human cytokine gene expression in influenza A virus-infected cells","volume":"430","author":"Plotnikova","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.34211","article-title":"Caffeine Inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by Suppressing MAPK\/NF-\u03baB and A2aR Signaling in LPS-Induced THP-1 Macrophages","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.11.040","article-title":"Potentiation of hepatic stellate cell activation by extracellular ATP is dependent on P2X7R-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"117","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balahura St\u0103mat, L.R., and Dinescu, S. (2024). Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to paclitaxel efficacy in triple negative breast cancer treatment. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75805-3"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.01.018","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of strawberry extract against LPS-induced stress in RAW 264.7 macrophages","volume":"102","author":"Gasparrini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.Q.C., Duy Binh, T., Pham, T.L.A., Nguyen, Y.D.H., Thi Xuan Trang, D., Nguyen, T.T., Kanaori, K., and Kamei, K. (2020). Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lasia spinosa Leaf Extract in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103439"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2016.07.018","article-title":"SIRT1 inhibits inflammatory response partly through regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome in vascular endothelial cells","volume":"77","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"5463","article-title":"NLRP1 and NLRP3 inflammasomes mediate LPS\/ATP-induced pyroptosis in knee osteoarthritis","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2014.1755","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide\/adenosine triphosphate induces IL-1\u03b2 and IL-18 secretion through the NLRP3 inflammasome in RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells","volume":"34","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2016.4569","article-title":"Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome enhances the proliferation and migration of A549 lung cancer cells","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9065","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27584","article-title":"Hydroxytyrosol from olive fruits prevents blue-light-induced damage in human keratinocytes and fibroblasts","volume":"234","author":"Avola","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2020.1713755","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome: A therapeutic target for inflammation-associated cancers","volume":"16","author":"Gouravani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.21377","article-title":"Morin Inhibits Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Bladder Cancer EJ Cells via Modulation of Signaling Pathways, Cell Cycle Regulators, and Transcription Factor-Mediated MMP-9 Expression","volume":"78","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-19-0051","article-title":"Morin Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis by Modulating the miR-188-5p\/PTEN\/AKT Regulatory Pathway in CML Cells","volume":"18","author":"Nie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b05147","article-title":"Suppression of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation by Morin via MAPK, PI3K\/Akt, and PKA\/HO-1 Signaling Pathway Modulation","volume":"65","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mo, J.S., Choi, D., Han, Y.R., Kim, N., and Jeong, H.S. (2019). Morin has protective potential against ER stress induced apoptosis in renal proximal tubular HK-2 cells. Biomed. Pharmacother., 112.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108659"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600966","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600966","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effects of Morin hydrate in atherosclerosis is associated with autophagy induction through cAMP signaling","volume":"61","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-020-01208-x","article-title":"Morin Protects LPS-Induced Mastitis via Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome and NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathways","volume":"43","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.3109\/10799893.2015.1030412","article-title":"Signaling pathway of MAPK\/ERK in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, senescence and apoptosis","volume":"35","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Recept. Signal Transduct."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.18161","article-title":"Rac3 Regulates Cell Invasion, Migration and EMT in Lung Adenocarcinoma through p38 MAPK Pathway","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kciuk, M., Gieleci\u0144ska, A., Budzinska, A., Mojzych, M., and Kontek, R. (2022). Metastasis and MAPK Pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073847"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2018-0468","article-title":"MAPK pathway: A potential target for the treatment of non-small-cell lung carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Pradhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.03.091","article-title":"Metapristone suppresses non-small cell lung cancer proliferation and metastasis via modulating RAS\/RAF\/MEK\/MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"90","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01347-8","article-title":"The molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of EMT in tumor progression and metastasis","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.07.071","article-title":"Synaptotagmin 7 in twist-related protein 1-mediated epithelial\u2014Mesenchymal transition of non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0237-9","article-title":"Guidelines and definitions for research on epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inthanon, S., Dejkriengkraikul, P., and Yodkeeree, S. (2023). Notopterol Suppresses IL-17-Induced Proliferation and Invasion of A549 Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells via Modulation of STAT3, NF-\u03baB, and AP-1 Activation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015057"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alisson-Silva, F., Freire-de-Lima, L., Donadio, J.L., Lucena, M.C., Penha, L., S\u00e1-Diniz, J.N., Dias, W.B., and Todeschini, A.R. (2013). Increase of O-glycosylated oncofetal fibronectin in high glucose-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cultured human epithelial cells. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060471"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2014.06.006","article-title":"Targeting EMT in cancer: Opportunities for pharmacological intervention","volume":"35","author":"Davis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24596","article-title":"Prospects for new lung cancer treatments that target EMT signaling","volume":"247","author":"Otsuki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."}],"container-title":["Biomolecules"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/1\/103\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:26:45Z","timestamp":1759919205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-273X\/15\/1\/103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["biom15010103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom15010103","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-273X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-273X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]}}}