{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T19:13:02Z","timestamp":1789153982090,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]],"date-time":"2025-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomolecules"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polydeoxyribonucleotides (PDRNs) and polynucleotides (PNs) are similar DNA-derived biopolymers that have garnered significant scientific attention since the 1990s for their potential applications in wound healing and skin rejuvenation. These biopolymers exhibit a broad molecular weight (MW) range, typically spanning from 50 to 1500 kDa. However, recent studies have expanded this range to encompass fragments as small as 1 kDa and as large as 10,000 kDa. Clinically, PDRN\/PN formulations, commercially available in various galenic forms (gels, creams, serums, masks, and injectables), have demonstrated promising effects in significantly promoting skin regeneration, reducing inflammation, improving skin texture, preventing scar formation, and mitigating wrinkles. Importantly, despite their widespread use in cosmetology and aesthetic dermatology, the interchangeable use of the terms \u201cPDRN\u201d and \u201cPN\u201d in the scientific literature (to describe polymers of varying lengths) has led to considerable confusion within the medical and scientific communities. To specifically address this PDRN\/PN ambiguity, this narrative review proposes a standardized structure-based nomenclature for these DNA-derived polymers, the \u201cMarques Polynucleotide Cutoff\u201d, set at 1500 kDa. Thus, we propose that the term \u201cPDRN\u201d should be exclusively reserved for small- and medium-chain polymers (MW &lt; 1500 kDa), while the term \u201cPN\u201d should specifically be used to denote longer-chain polymers (MW \u2265 1500 kDa). In a broader perspective, this classification is based on the distinct physicochemical properties and therapeutic effects of these DNA fragments of various MWs, which are comprehensively discussed in the present review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15010148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T04:04:12Z","timestamp":1737345852000},"page":"148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["From Polydeoxyribonucleotides (PDRNs) to Polynucleotides (PNs): Bridging the Gap Between Scientific Definitions, Molecular Insights, and Clinical Applications of Multifunctional Biomolecules"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"C\u00edntia","family":"Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Development Department, LOUNA REGENERATIVE SA, CH-1207 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1603-2704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Porcello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Development Department, LOUNA REGENERATIVE SA, CH-1207 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0093-8826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Cerrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aesthetic Surgery Department, Clinique Entourage, CH-1003 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farid","family":"Hadjab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Development Department, Albomed GmbH, D-90592 Schwarzenbruck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mich\u00e8le","family":"Chemali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery Service, Centre M\u00e9dical Lausanne Ouest, CH-1008 Prilly, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Development Department, LOUNA REGENERATIVE SA, CH-1207 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basste","family":"Hadjab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Consultant Office, F-74330 Poisy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wassim","family":"Raffoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Ensemble Hospitalier de la C\u00f4te, CH-1110 Morges, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7346-9921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee Ann","family":"Applegate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Therapy Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland"},{"name":"Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Oxford OSCAR Suzhou Center, Oxford University, Suzhou 215123, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5738-8702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis E.","family":"Laurent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Therapy Unit, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland"},{"name":"Manufacturing Department, LAM Biotechnologies SA, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland"},{"name":"Manufacturing Department, TEC-PHARMA SA, CH-1038 Bercher, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16125","article-title":"A Survey on the Cosmetic Use of Injectable Polynucleotide: The Pattern of Practice Among Korean Dermatologists","volume":"23","author":"Rho","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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